# NLP From Scratch: Classifying Names with a Character-Level RNN¶

Author: Sean Robertson

We will be building and training a basic character-level RNN to classify words. This tutorial, along with the following two, show how to do preprocess data for NLP modeling “from scratch”, in particular not using many of the convenience functions of torchtext, so you can see how preprocessing for NLP modeling works at a low level.

A character-level RNN reads words as a series of characters - outputting a prediction and “hidden state” at each step, feeding its previous hidden state into each next step. We take the final prediction to be the output, i.e. which class the word belongs to.

Specifically, we’ll train on a few thousand surnames from 18 languages of origin, and predict which language a name is from based on the spelling:

$python predict.py Hinton (-0.47) Scottish (-1.52) English (-3.57) Irish$ python predict.py Schmidhuber
(-0.19) German
(-2.48) Czech
(-2.68) Dutch


I assume you have at least installed PyTorch, know Python, and understand Tensors:

It would also be useful to know about RNNs and how they work:

## Preparing the Data¶

Note

Download the data from here and extract it to the current directory.

Included in the data/names directory are 18 text files named as “[Language].txt”. Each file contains a bunch of names, one name per line, mostly romanized (but we still need to convert from Unicode to ASCII).

We’ll end up with a dictionary of lists of names per language, {language: [names ...]}. The generic variables “category” and “line” (for language and name in our case) are used for later extensibility.

from __future__ import unicode_literals, print_function, division
from io import open
import glob
import os

def findFiles(path): return glob.glob(path)

print(findFiles('data/names/*.txt'))

import unicodedata
import string

all_letters = string.ascii_letters + " .,;'"
n_letters = len(all_letters)

# Turn a Unicode string to plain ASCII, thanks to https://stackoverflow.com/a/518232/2809427
def unicodeToAscii(s):
return ''.join(
c for c in unicodedata.normalize('NFD', s)
if unicodedata.category(c) != 'Mn'
and c in all_letters
)

print(unicodeToAscii('Ślusàrski'))

# Build the category_lines dictionary, a list of names per language
category_lines = {}
all_categories = []

# Read a file and split into lines
return [unicodeToAscii(line) for line in lines]

for filename in findFiles('data/names/*.txt'):
category = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(filename))[0]
all_categories.append(category)
category_lines[category] = lines

n_categories = len(all_categories)


Out:

['data/names/French.txt', 'data/names/Czech.txt', 'data/names/Dutch.txt', 'data/names/Polish.txt', 'data/names/Scottish.txt', 'data/names/Chinese.txt', 'data/names/English.txt', 'data/names/Italian.txt', 'data/names/Portuguese.txt', 'data/names/Japanese.txt', 'data/names/German.txt', 'data/names/Russian.txt', 'data/names/Korean.txt', 'data/names/Arabic.txt', 'data/names/Greek.txt', 'data/names/Vietnamese.txt', 'data/names/Spanish.txt', 'data/names/Irish.txt']
Slusarski


Now we have category_lines, a dictionary mapping each category (language) to a list of lines (names). We also kept track of all_categories (just a list of languages) and n_categories for later reference.

print(category_lines['Italian'][:5])


Out:

['Abandonato', 'Abatangelo', 'Abatantuono', 'Abate', 'Abategiovanni']


### Turning Names into Tensors¶

Now that we have all the names organized, we need to turn them into Tensors to make any use of them.

To represent a single letter, we use a “one-hot vector” of size <1 x n_letters>. A one-hot vector is filled with 0s except for a 1 at index of the current letter, e.g. "b" = <0 1 0 0 0 ...>.

To make a word we join a bunch of those into a 2D matrix <line_length x 1 x n_letters>.

That extra 1 dimension is because PyTorch assumes everything is in batches - we’re just using a batch size of 1 here.

import torch

# Find letter index from all_letters, e.g. "a" = 0
def letterToIndex(letter):
return all_letters.find(letter)

# Just for demonstration, turn a letter into a <1 x n_letters> Tensor
def letterToTensor(letter):
tensor = torch.zeros(1, n_letters)
tensor[0][letterToIndex(letter)] = 1
return tensor

# Turn a line into a <line_length x 1 x n_letters>,
# or an array of one-hot letter vectors
def lineToTensor(line):
tensor = torch.zeros(len(line), 1, n_letters)
for li, letter in enumerate(line):
tensor[li][0][letterToIndex(letter)] = 1
return tensor

print(letterToTensor('J'))

print(lineToTensor('Jones').size())


Out:

tensor([[0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.,
0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 1.,
0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.,
0., 0., 0.]])
torch.Size([5, 1, 57])


## Creating the Network¶

Before autograd, creating a recurrent neural network in Torch involved cloning the parameters of a layer over several timesteps. The layers held hidden state and gradients which are now entirely handled by the graph itself. This means you can implement a RNN in a very “pure” way, as regular feed-forward layers.

This RNN module (mostly copied from the PyTorch for Torch users tutorial) is just 2 linear layers which operate on an input and hidden state, with a LogSoftmax layer after the output.

import torch.nn as nn

class RNN(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, input_size, hidden_size, output_size):
super(RNN, self).__init__()

self.hidden_size = hidden_size

self.i2h = nn.Linear(input_size + hidden_size, hidden_size)
self.i2o = nn.Linear(input_size + hidden_size, output_size)
self.softmax = nn.LogSoftmax(dim=1)

def forward(self, input, hidden):
combined = torch.cat((input, hidden), 1)
hidden = self.i2h(combined)
output = self.i2o(combined)
output = self.softmax(output)
return output, hidden

def initHidden(self):

n_hidden = 128
rnn = RNN(n_letters, n_hidden, n_categories)


To run a step of this network we need to pass an input (in our case, the Tensor for the current letter) and a previous hidden state (which we initialize as zeros at first). We’ll get back the output (probability of each language) and a next hidden state (which we keep for the next step).

input = letterToTensor('A')
hidden =torch.zeros(1, n_hidden)

output, next_hidden = rnn(input, hidden)


For the sake of efficiency we don’t want to be creating a new Tensor for every step, so we will use lineToTensor instead of letterToTensor and use slices. This could be further optimized by pre-computing batches of Tensors.

input = lineToTensor('Albert')
hidden = torch.zeros(1, n_hidden)

output, next_hidden = rnn(input[0], hidden)
print(output)


Out:

tensor([[-2.8478, -2.8997, -2.9276, -2.8177, -3.0076, -2.7676, -2.9146, -2.9470,
-2.9078, -2.8711, -2.8174, -2.8707, -2.9035, -2.8285, -2.9750, -2.9898,


As you can see the output is a <1 x n_categories> Tensor, where every item is the likelihood of that category (higher is more likely).

## Training¶

### Preparing for Training¶

Before going into training we should make a few helper functions. The first is to interpret the output of the network, which we know to be a likelihood of each category. We can use Tensor.topk to get the index of the greatest value:

def categoryFromOutput(output):
top_n, top_i = output.topk(1)
category_i = top_i[0].item()
return all_categories[category_i], category_i

print(categoryFromOutput(output))


Out:

('Chinese', 5)


We will also want a quick way to get a training example (a name and its language):

import random

def randomChoice(l):
return l[random.randint(0, len(l) - 1)]

def randomTrainingExample():
category = randomChoice(all_categories)
line = randomChoice(category_lines[category])
category_tensor = torch.tensor([all_categories.index(category)], dtype=torch.long)
line_tensor = lineToTensor(line)
return category, line, category_tensor, line_tensor

for i in range(10):
category, line, category_tensor, line_tensor = randomTrainingExample()
print('category =', category, '/ line =', line)


Out:

category = Russian / line = Marievsky
category = French / line = Favreau
category = Greek / line = Patselas
category = Portuguese / line = Araujo
category = German / line = Stoppelbein
category = Portuguese / line = Alves
category = Russian / line = Adoratsky
category = Chinese / line = Niu
category = Chinese / line = Mai
category = Spanish / line = Echevarria


### Training the Network¶

Now all it takes to train this network is show it a bunch of examples, have it make guesses, and tell it if it’s wrong.

For the loss function nn.NLLLoss is appropriate, since the last layer of the RNN is nn.LogSoftmax.

criterion = nn.NLLLoss()


Each loop of training will:

• Create input and target tensors
• Create a zeroed initial hidden state
• Read each letter in and
• Keep hidden state for next letter
• Compare final output to target
• Back-propagate
• Return the output and loss
learning_rate = 0.005 # If you set this too high, it might explode. If too low, it might not learn

def train(category_tensor, line_tensor):
hidden = rnn.initHidden()

for i in range(line_tensor.size()[0]):
output, hidden = rnn(line_tensor[i], hidden)

loss = criterion(output, category_tensor)
loss.backward()

for p in rnn.parameters():

return output, loss.item()


Now we just have to run that with a bunch of examples. Since the train function returns both the output and loss we can print its guesses and also keep track of loss for plotting. Since there are 1000s of examples we print only every print_every examples, and take an average of the loss.

import time
import math

n_iters = 100000
print_every = 5000
plot_every = 1000

# Keep track of losses for plotting
current_loss = 0
all_losses = []

def timeSince(since):
now = time.time()
s = now - since
m = math.floor(s / 60)
s -= m * 60
return '%dm %ds' % (m, s)

start = time.time()

for iter in range(1, n_iters + 1):
category, line, category_tensor, line_tensor = randomTrainingExample()
output, loss = train(category_tensor, line_tensor)
current_loss += loss

# Print iter number, loss, name and guess
if iter % print_every == 0:
guess, guess_i = categoryFromOutput(output)
correct = '✓' if guess == category else '✗ (%s)' % category
print('%d %d%% (%s) %.4f %s / %s %s' % (iter, iter / n_iters * 100, timeSince(start), loss, line, guess, correct))

# Add current loss avg to list of losses
if iter % plot_every == 0:
all_losses.append(current_loss / plot_every)
current_loss = 0


Out:

5000 5% (0m 15s) 2.6085 Pae / Vietnamese ✗ (Korean)
10000 10% (0m 26s) 2.3719 Philpott / Japanese ✗ (English)
15000 15% (0m 37s) 1.6658 Boveri / Italian ✓
20000 20% (0m 49s) 1.7812 Yakhaev / Japanese ✗ (Russian)
25000 25% (1m 0s) 3.2118 Sarna / Portuguese ✗ (Czech)
30000 30% (1m 11s) 1.8325 Connolly / English ✗ (Irish)
35000 35% (1m 23s) 2.9679 Kuhn / Japanese ✗ (German)
40000 40% (1m 34s) 0.6171 Roggeveen / Dutch ✓
45000 45% (1m 46s) 1.9884 Fleischer / Dutch ✗ (German)
50000 50% (1m 57s) 2.0329 Sullivan / Dutch ✗ (Irish)
55000 55% (2m 8s) 5.1245 Kennedy / Dutch ✗ (Scottish)
60000 60% (2m 20s) 0.6290 Fazleev / Russian ✓
65000 65% (2m 31s) 1.1475 Gniewek / Czech ✗ (Polish)
70000 70% (2m 43s) 0.0473 O'Boyle / Irish ✓
75000 75% (2m 54s) 2.1988 Crespo / Portuguese ✗ (Italian)
80000 80% (3m 5s) 0.1134 Maalouf / Arabic ✓
85000 85% (3m 17s) 0.2154 Mcmillan / Scottish ✓
90000 90% (3m 28s) 2.2798 Peij / Chinese ✗ (Dutch)
95000 95% (3m 39s) 0.7963 Crawley / English ✓
100000 100% (3m 51s) 4.4828 Qureshi / Italian ✗ (Arabic)


### Plotting the Results¶

Plotting the historical loss from all_losses shows the network learning:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.ticker as ticker

plt.figure()
plt.plot(all_losses)


## Evaluating the Results¶

To see how well the network performs on different categories, we will create a confusion matrix, indicating for every actual language (rows) which language the network guesses (columns). To calculate the confusion matrix a bunch of samples are run through the network with evaluate(), which is the same as train() minus the backprop.

# Keep track of correct guesses in a confusion matrix
confusion = torch.zeros(n_categories, n_categories)
n_confusion = 10000

# Just return an output given a line
def evaluate(line_tensor):
hidden = rnn.initHidden()

for i in range(line_tensor.size()[0]):
output, hidden = rnn(line_tensor[i], hidden)

return output

# Go through a bunch of examples and record which are correctly guessed
for i in range(n_confusion):
category, line, category_tensor, line_tensor = randomTrainingExample()
output = evaluate(line_tensor)
guess, guess_i = categoryFromOutput(output)
category_i = all_categories.index(category)
confusion[category_i][guess_i] += 1

# Normalize by dividing every row by its sum
for i in range(n_categories):
confusion[i] = confusion[i] / confusion[i].sum()

# Set up plot
fig = plt.figure()
cax = ax.matshow(confusion.numpy())
fig.colorbar(cax)

# Set up axes
ax.set_xticklabels([''] + all_categories, rotation=90)
ax.set_yticklabels([''] + all_categories)

# Force label at every tick
ax.xaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(1))
ax.yaxis.set_major_locator(ticker.MultipleLocator(1))

# sphinx_gallery_thumbnail_number = 2
plt.show()


You can pick out bright spots off the main axis that show which languages it guesses incorrectly, e.g. Chinese for Korean, and Spanish for Italian. It seems to do very well with Greek, and very poorly with English (perhaps because of overlap with other languages).

### Running on User Input¶

def predict(input_line, n_predictions=3):
print('\n> %s' % input_line)
output = evaluate(lineToTensor(input_line))

# Get top N categories
topv, topi = output.topk(n_predictions, 1, True)
predictions = []

for i in range(n_predictions):
value = topv[0][i].item()
category_index = topi[0][i].item()
print('(%.2f) %s' % (value, all_categories[category_index]))
predictions.append([value, all_categories[category_index]])

predict('Dovesky')
predict('Jackson')
predict('Satoshi')


Out:

> Dovesky
(-1.07) Russian
(-1.67) Irish
(-1.72) Czech

> Jackson
(-0.26) Scottish
(-2.27) English
(-3.10) Greek

> Satoshi
(-0.39) Japanese
(-2.51) Italian
(-2.54) Arabic


The final versions of the scripts in the Practical PyTorch repo split the above code into a few files:

• data.py (loads files)
• model.py (defines the RNN)
• train.py (runs training)
• predict.py (runs predict() with command line arguments)
• server.py (serve prediction as a JSON API with bottle.py)

Run train.py to train and save the network.

Run predict.py with a name to view predictions:

\$ python predict.py Hazaki
(-0.42) Japanese
(-1.39) Polish
(-3.51) Czech


Run server.py and visit http://localhost:5533/Yourname to get JSON output of predictions.

## Exercises¶

• Try with a different dataset of line -> category, for example:
• Any word -> language
• First name -> gender
• Character name -> writer
• Page title -> blog or subreddit
• Get better results with a bigger and/or better shaped network
• Try the nn.LSTM and nn.GRU layers