Note
Click here to download the full example code
Audio Feature Extractions¶
Author: Moto Hira
torchaudio
implements feature extractions commonly used in the audio
domain. They are available in torchaudio.functional
and
torchaudio.transforms
.
functional
implements features as standalone functions.
They are stateless.
transforms
implements features as objects,
using implementations from functional
and torch.nn.Module
.
They can be serialized using TorchScript.
import torch
import torchaudio
import torchaudio.functional as F
import torchaudio.transforms as T
print(torch.__version__)
print(torchaudio.__version__)
import librosa
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
2.6.0.dev20241008
2.5.0.dev20241009
Overview of audio features¶
The following diagram shows the relationship between common audio features and torchaudio APIs to generate them.
For the complete list of available features, please refer to the documentation.
Preparation¶
Note
When running this tutorial in Google Colab, install the required packages
!pip install librosa
from IPython.display import Audio
from matplotlib.patches import Rectangle
from torchaudio.utils import download_asset
torch.random.manual_seed(0)
SAMPLE_SPEECH = download_asset("tutorial-assets/Lab41-SRI-VOiCES-src-sp0307-ch127535-sg0042.wav")
def plot_waveform(waveform, sr, title="Waveform", ax=None):
waveform = waveform.numpy()
num_channels, num_frames = waveform.shape
time_axis = torch.arange(0, num_frames) / sr
if ax is None:
_, ax = plt.subplots(num_channels, 1)
ax.plot(time_axis, waveform[0], linewidth=1)
ax.grid(True)
ax.set_xlim([0, time_axis[-1]])
ax.set_title(title)
def plot_spectrogram(specgram, title=None, ylabel="freq_bin", ax=None):
if ax is None:
_, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1)
if title is not None:
ax.set_title(title)
ax.set_ylabel(ylabel)
ax.imshow(librosa.power_to_db(specgram), origin="lower", aspect="auto", interpolation="nearest")
def plot_fbank(fbank, title=None):
fig, axs = plt.subplots(1, 1)
axs.set_title(title or "Filter bank")
axs.imshow(fbank, aspect="auto")
axs.set_ylabel("frequency bin")
axs.set_xlabel("mel bin")
Spectrogram¶
To get the frequency make-up of an audio signal as it varies with time,
you can use torchaudio.transforms.Spectrogram()
.
# Load audio
SPEECH_WAVEFORM, SAMPLE_RATE = torchaudio.load(SAMPLE_SPEECH)
# Define transform
spectrogram = T.Spectrogram(n_fft=512)
# Perform transform
spec = spectrogram(SPEECH_WAVEFORM)
fig, axs = plt.subplots(2, 1)
plot_waveform(SPEECH_WAVEFORM, SAMPLE_RATE, title="Original waveform", ax=axs[0])
plot_spectrogram(spec[0], title="spectrogram", ax=axs[1])
fig.tight_layout()
Audio(SPEECH_WAVEFORM.numpy(), rate=SAMPLE_RATE)
The effect of n_fft
parameter¶
The core of spectrogram computation is (short-term) Fourier transform,
and the n_fft
parameter corresponds to the \(N\) in the following
definition of descrete Fourier transform.
$$ X_k = \sum_{n=0}^{N-1} x_n e^{-\frac{2\pi i}{N} nk} $$
(For the detail of Fourier transform, please refer to Wikipedia.
The value of n_fft
determines the resolution of frequency axis.
However, with the higher n_fft
value, the energy will be distributed
among more bins, so when you visualize it, it might look more blurry,
even thought they are higher resolution.
The following illustrates this;
Note
hop_length
determines the time axis resolution.
By default, (i.e. hop_length=None
and win_length=None
),
the value of n_fft // 4
is used.
Here we use the same hop_length
value across different n_fft
so that they have the same number of elemets in the time axis.
n_ffts = [32, 128, 512, 2048]
hop_length = 64
specs = []
for n_fft in n_ffts:
spectrogram = T.Spectrogram(n_fft=n_fft, hop_length=hop_length)
spec = spectrogram(SPEECH_WAVEFORM)
specs.append(spec)
When comparing signals, it is desirable to use the same sampling rate,
however if you must use the different sampling rate, care must be
taken for interpretating the meaning of n_fft
.
Recall that n_fft
determines the resolution of the frequency
axis for a given sampling rate. In other words, what each bin on
the frequency axis represents is subject to the sampling rate.
As we have seen above, changing the value of n_fft
does not change
the coverage of frequency range for the same input signal.
Let’s downsample the audio and apply spectrogram with the same n_fft
value.
# Downsample to half of the original sample rate
speech2 = torchaudio.functional.resample(SPEECH_WAVEFORM, SAMPLE_RATE, SAMPLE_RATE // 2)
# Upsample to the original sample rate
speech3 = torchaudio.functional.resample(speech2, SAMPLE_RATE // 2, SAMPLE_RATE)
# Apply the same spectrogram
spectrogram = T.Spectrogram(n_fft=512)
spec0 = spectrogram(SPEECH_WAVEFORM)
spec2 = spectrogram(speech2)
spec3 = spectrogram(speech3)
# Visualize it
fig, axs = plt.subplots(3, 1)
plot_spectrogram(spec0[0], ylabel="Original", ax=axs[0])
axs[0].add_patch(Rectangle((0, 3), 212, 128, edgecolor="r", facecolor="none"))
plot_spectrogram(spec2[0], ylabel="Downsampled", ax=axs[1])
plot_spectrogram(spec3[0], ylabel="Upsampled", ax=axs[2])
fig.tight_layout()
In the above visualization, the second plot (“Downsampled”) might give the impression that the spectrogram is streched. This is because the meaning of frequency bins is different from the original one. Even though, they have the same number of bins, in the second plot, the frequency is only covered to the half of the original sampling rate. This becomes more clear if we resample the downsampled signal again so that it has the same sample rate as the original.
GriffinLim¶
To recover a waveform from a spectrogram, you can use
torchaudio.transforms.GriffinLim
.
The same set of parameters used for spectrogram must be used.
# Define transforms
n_fft = 1024
spectrogram = T.Spectrogram(n_fft=n_fft)
griffin_lim = T.GriffinLim(n_fft=n_fft)
# Apply the transforms
spec = spectrogram(SPEECH_WAVEFORM)
reconstructed_waveform = griffin_lim(spec)
_, axes = plt.subplots(2, 1, sharex=True, sharey=True)
plot_waveform(SPEECH_WAVEFORM, SAMPLE_RATE, title="Original", ax=axes[0])
plot_waveform(reconstructed_waveform, SAMPLE_RATE, title="Reconstructed", ax=axes[1])
Audio(reconstructed_waveform, rate=SAMPLE_RATE)
Mel Filter Bank¶
torchaudio.functional.melscale_fbanks()
generates the filter bank
for converting frequency bins to mel-scale bins.
Since this function does not require input audio/features, there is no
equivalent transform in torchaudio.transforms()
.
n_fft = 256
n_mels = 64
sample_rate = 6000
mel_filters = F.melscale_fbanks(
int(n_fft // 2 + 1),
n_mels=n_mels,
f_min=0.0,
f_max=sample_rate / 2.0,
sample_rate=sample_rate,
norm="slaney",
)
plot_fbank(mel_filters, "Mel Filter Bank - torchaudio")
Comparison against librosa¶
For reference, here is the equivalent way to get the mel filter bank
with librosa
.
mel_filters_librosa = librosa.filters.mel(
sr=sample_rate,
n_fft=n_fft,
n_mels=n_mels,
fmin=0.0,
fmax=sample_rate / 2.0,
norm="slaney",
htk=True,
).T
plot_fbank(mel_filters_librosa, "Mel Filter Bank - librosa")
mse = torch.square(mel_filters - mel_filters_librosa).mean().item()
print("Mean Square Difference: ", mse)
Mean Square Difference: 3.934872696751886e-17
MelSpectrogram¶
Generating a mel-scale spectrogram involves generating a spectrogram
and performing mel-scale conversion. In torchaudio
,
torchaudio.transforms.MelSpectrogram()
provides
this functionality.
n_fft = 1024
win_length = None
hop_length = 512
n_mels = 128
mel_spectrogram = T.MelSpectrogram(
sample_rate=sample_rate,
n_fft=n_fft,
win_length=win_length,
hop_length=hop_length,
center=True,
pad_mode="reflect",
power=2.0,
norm="slaney",
n_mels=n_mels,
mel_scale="htk",
)
melspec = mel_spectrogram(SPEECH_WAVEFORM)
plot_spectrogram(melspec[0], title="MelSpectrogram - torchaudio", ylabel="mel freq")
Comparison against librosa¶
For reference, here is the equivalent means of generating mel-scale
spectrograms with librosa
.
melspec_librosa = librosa.feature.melspectrogram(
y=SPEECH_WAVEFORM.numpy()[0],
sr=sample_rate,
n_fft=n_fft,
hop_length=hop_length,
win_length=win_length,
center=True,
pad_mode="reflect",
power=2.0,
n_mels=n_mels,
norm="slaney",
htk=True,
)
plot_spectrogram(melspec_librosa, title="MelSpectrogram - librosa", ylabel="mel freq")
mse = torch.square(melspec - melspec_librosa).mean().item()
print("Mean Square Difference: ", mse)
Mean Square Difference: 1.2895221557229775e-09
MFCC¶
n_fft = 2048
win_length = None
hop_length = 512
n_mels = 256
n_mfcc = 256
mfcc_transform = T.MFCC(
sample_rate=sample_rate,
n_mfcc=n_mfcc,
melkwargs={
"n_fft": n_fft,
"n_mels": n_mels,
"hop_length": hop_length,
"mel_scale": "htk",
},
)
mfcc = mfcc_transform(SPEECH_WAVEFORM)
plot_spectrogram(mfcc[0], title="MFCC")
Comparison against librosa¶
melspec = librosa.feature.melspectrogram(
y=SPEECH_WAVEFORM.numpy()[0],
sr=sample_rate,
n_fft=n_fft,
win_length=win_length,
hop_length=hop_length,
n_mels=n_mels,
htk=True,
norm=None,
)
mfcc_librosa = librosa.feature.mfcc(
S=librosa.core.spectrum.power_to_db(melspec),
n_mfcc=n_mfcc,
dct_type=2,
norm="ortho",
)
plot_spectrogram(mfcc_librosa, title="MFCC (librosa)")
mse = torch.square(mfcc - mfcc_librosa).mean().item()
print("Mean Square Difference: ", mse)
Mean Square Difference: 0.8104011416435242
LFCC¶
n_fft = 2048
win_length = None
hop_length = 512
n_lfcc = 256
lfcc_transform = T.LFCC(
sample_rate=sample_rate,
n_lfcc=n_lfcc,
speckwargs={
"n_fft": n_fft,
"win_length": win_length,
"hop_length": hop_length,
},
)
lfcc = lfcc_transform(SPEECH_WAVEFORM)
plot_spectrogram(lfcc[0], title="LFCC")
Pitch¶
pitch = F.detect_pitch_frequency(SPEECH_WAVEFORM, SAMPLE_RATE)
def plot_pitch(waveform, sr, pitch):
figure, axis = plt.subplots(1, 1)
axis.set_title("Pitch Feature")
axis.grid(True)
end_time = waveform.shape[1] / sr
time_axis = torch.linspace(0, end_time, waveform.shape[1])
axis.plot(time_axis, waveform[0], linewidth=1, color="gray", alpha=0.3)
axis2 = axis.twinx()
time_axis = torch.linspace(0, end_time, pitch.shape[1])
axis2.plot(time_axis, pitch[0], linewidth=2, label="Pitch", color="green")
axis2.legend(loc=0)
plot_pitch(SPEECH_WAVEFORM, SAMPLE_RATE, pitch)
Total running time of the script: ( 0 minutes 9.946 seconds)