Visualization utilities¶
Note
Try on Colab or go to the end to download the full example code.
This example illustrates some of the utilities that torchvision offers for visualizing images, bounding boxes, segmentation masks and keypoints.
import torch
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import torchvision.transforms.functional as F
plt.rcParams["savefig.bbox"] = 'tight'
def show(imgs):
if not isinstance(imgs, list):
imgs = [imgs]
fig, axs = plt.subplots(ncols=len(imgs), squeeze=False)
for i, img in enumerate(imgs):
img = img.detach()
img = F.to_pil_image(img)
axs[0, i].imshow(np.asarray(img))
axs[0, i].set(xticklabels=[], yticklabels=[], xticks=[], yticks=[])
Visualizing a grid of images¶
The make_grid()
function can be used to create a
tensor that represents multiple images in a grid. This util requires a single
image of dtype uint8
as input.
Visualizing bounding boxes¶
We can use draw_bounding_boxes()
to draw boxes on an
image. We can set the colors, labels, width as well as font and font size.
The boxes are in (xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax)
format.
from torchvision.utils import draw_bounding_boxes
boxes = torch.tensor([[50, 50, 100, 200], [210, 150, 350, 430]], dtype=torch.float)
colors = ["blue", "yellow"]
result = draw_bounding_boxes(dog1_int, boxes, colors=colors, width=5)
show(result)
Naturally, we can also plot bounding boxes produced by torchvision detection
models. Here is a demo with a Faster R-CNN model loaded from
fasterrcnn_resnet50_fpn()
model. For more details on the output of such models, you may
refer to Instance segmentation models.
from torchvision.models.detection import fasterrcnn_resnet50_fpn, FasterRCNN_ResNet50_FPN_Weights
weights = FasterRCNN_ResNet50_FPN_Weights.DEFAULT
transforms = weights.transforms()
images = [transforms(d) for d in dog_list]
model = fasterrcnn_resnet50_fpn(weights=weights, progress=False)
model = model.eval()
outputs = model(images)
print(outputs)
[{'boxes': tensor([[215.9767, 171.1661, 402.0078, 378.7391],
[344.6341, 172.6735, 357.6114, 220.1435],
[153.1306, 185.5567, 172.9223, 254.7014]], grad_fn=<StackBackward0>), 'labels': tensor([18, 1, 1]), 'scores': tensor([0.9989, 0.0701, 0.0611], grad_fn=<IndexBackward0>)}, {'boxes': tensor([[ 23.5964, 132.4331, 449.9359, 493.0222],
[225.8182, 124.6292, 467.2861, 492.2621],
[ 18.5248, 135.4171, 420.9786, 479.2225]], grad_fn=<StackBackward0>), 'labels': tensor([18, 18, 17]), 'scores': tensor([0.9980, 0.0879, 0.0671], grad_fn=<IndexBackward0>)}]
Let’s plot the boxes detected by our model. We will only plot the boxes with a score greater than a given threshold.
score_threshold = .8
dogs_with_boxes = [
draw_bounding_boxes(dog_int, boxes=output['boxes'][output['scores'] > score_threshold], width=4)
for dog_int, output in zip(dog_list, outputs)
]
show(dogs_with_boxes)
Visualizing segmentation masks¶
The draw_segmentation_masks()
function can be used to
draw segmentation masks on images. Semantic segmentation and instance
segmentation models have different outputs, so we will treat each
independently.
Semantic segmentation models¶
We will see how to use it with torchvision’s FCN Resnet-50, loaded with
fcn_resnet50()
. Let’s start by looking
at the output of the model.
from torchvision.models.segmentation import fcn_resnet50, FCN_ResNet50_Weights
weights = FCN_ResNet50_Weights.DEFAULT
transforms = weights.transforms(resize_size=None)
model = fcn_resnet50(weights=weights, progress=False)
model = model.eval()
batch = torch.stack([transforms(d) for d in dog_list])
output = model(batch)['out']
print(output.shape, output.min().item(), output.max().item())
Downloading: "https://download.pytorch.org/models/fcn_resnet50_coco-1167a1af.pth" to /root/.cache/torch/hub/checkpoints/fcn_resnet50_coco-1167a1af.pth
torch.Size([2, 21, 500, 500]) -7.089669704437256 14.858257293701172
As we can see above, the output of the segmentation model is a tensor of shape
(batch_size, num_classes, H, W)
. Each value is a non-normalized score, and
we can normalize them into [0, 1]
by using a softmax. After the softmax,
we can interpret each value as a probability indicating how likely a given
pixel is to belong to a given class.
Let’s plot the masks that have been detected for the dog class and for the boat class:
sem_class_to_idx = {cls: idx for (idx, cls) in enumerate(weights.meta["categories"])}
normalized_masks = torch.nn.functional.softmax(output, dim=1)
dog_and_boat_masks = [
normalized_masks[img_idx, sem_class_to_idx[cls]]
for img_idx in range(len(dog_list))
for cls in ('dog', 'boat')
]
show(dog_and_boat_masks)
As expected, the model is confident about the dog class, but not so much for the boat class.
The draw_segmentation_masks()
function can be used to
plots those masks on top of the original image. This function expects the
masks to be boolean masks, but our masks above contain probabilities in [0,
1]
. To get boolean masks, we can do the following:
class_dim = 1
boolean_dog_masks = (normalized_masks.argmax(class_dim) == sem_class_to_idx['dog'])
print(f"shape = {boolean_dog_masks.shape}, dtype = {boolean_dog_masks.dtype}")
show([m.float() for m in boolean_dog_masks])
shape = torch.Size([2, 500, 500]), dtype = torch.bool
The line above where we define boolean_dog_masks
is a bit cryptic, but you
can read it as the following query: “For which pixels is ‘dog’ the most likely
class?”
Note
While we’re using the normalized_masks
here, we would have
gotten the same result by using the non-normalized scores of the model
directly (as the softmax operation preserves the order).
Now that we have boolean masks, we can use them with
draw_segmentation_masks()
to plot them on top of the
original images:
from torchvision.utils import draw_segmentation_masks
dogs_with_masks = [
draw_segmentation_masks(img, masks=mask, alpha=0.7)
for img, mask in zip(dog_list, boolean_dog_masks)
]
show(dogs_with_masks)
We can plot more than one mask per image! Remember that the model returned as many masks as there are classes. Let’s ask the same query as above, but this time for all classes, not just the dog class: “For each pixel and each class C, is class C the most likely class?”
This one is a bit more involved, so we’ll first show how to do it with a single image, and then we’ll generalize to the batch
num_classes = normalized_masks.shape[1]
dog1_masks = normalized_masks[0]
class_dim = 0
dog1_all_classes_masks = dog1_masks.argmax(class_dim) == torch.arange(num_classes)[:, None, None]
print(f"dog1_masks shape = {dog1_masks.shape}, dtype = {dog1_masks.dtype}")
print(f"dog1_all_classes_masks = {dog1_all_classes_masks.shape}, dtype = {dog1_all_classes_masks.dtype}")
dog_with_all_masks = draw_segmentation_masks(dog1_int, masks=dog1_all_classes_masks, alpha=.6)
show(dog_with_all_masks)
dog1_masks shape = torch.Size([21, 500, 500]), dtype = torch.float32
dog1_all_classes_masks = torch.Size([21, 500, 500]), dtype = torch.bool
We can see in the image above that only 2 masks were drawn: the mask for the background and the mask for the dog. This is because the model thinks that only these 2 classes are the most likely ones across all the pixels. If the model had detected another class as the most likely among other pixels, we would have seen its mask above.
Removing the background mask is as simple as passing
masks=dog1_all_classes_masks[1:]
, because the background class is the
class with index 0.
Let’s now do the same but for an entire batch of images. The code is similar but involves a bit more juggling with the dimensions.
class_dim = 1
all_classes_masks = normalized_masks.argmax(class_dim) == torch.arange(num_classes)[:, None, None, None]
print(f"shape = {all_classes_masks.shape}, dtype = {all_classes_masks.dtype}")
# The first dimension is the classes now, so we need to swap it
all_classes_masks = all_classes_masks.swapaxes(0, 1)
dogs_with_masks = [
draw_segmentation_masks(img, masks=mask, alpha=.6)
for img, mask in zip(dog_list, all_classes_masks)
]
show(dogs_with_masks)
shape = torch.Size([21, 2, 500, 500]), dtype = torch.bool
Instance segmentation models¶
Instance segmentation models have a significantly different output from the semantic segmentation models. We will see here how to plot the masks for such models. Let’s start by analyzing the output of a Mask-RCNN model. Note that these models don’t require the images to be normalized, so we don’t need to use the normalized batch.
Note
We will here describe the output of a Mask-RCNN model. The models in
Object Detection, Instance Segmentation and Person Keypoint Detection all have a similar output
format, but some of them may have extra info like keypoints for
keypointrcnn_resnet50_fpn()
, and some
of them may not have masks, like
fasterrcnn_resnet50_fpn()
.
from torchvision.models.detection import maskrcnn_resnet50_fpn, MaskRCNN_ResNet50_FPN_Weights
weights = MaskRCNN_ResNet50_FPN_Weights.DEFAULT
transforms = weights.transforms()
images = [transforms(d) for d in dog_list]
model = maskrcnn_resnet50_fpn(weights=weights, progress=False)
model = model.eval()
output = model(images)
print(output)
Downloading: "https://download.pytorch.org/models/maskrcnn_resnet50_fpn_coco-bf2d0c1e.pth" to /root/.cache/torch/hub/checkpoints/maskrcnn_resnet50_fpn_coco-bf2d0c1e.pth
[{'boxes': tensor([[219.7444, 168.1722, 400.7378, 384.0263],
[343.9716, 171.2287, 358.3447, 222.6263],
[301.0303, 192.6917, 313.8879, 232.3154]], grad_fn=<StackBackward0>), 'labels': tensor([18, 1, 1]), 'scores': tensor([0.9987, 0.7187, 0.6525], grad_fn=<IndexBackward0>), 'masks': tensor([[[[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
...,
[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]]],
[[[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
...,
[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]]],
[[[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
...,
[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]]]], grad_fn=<UnsqueezeBackward0>)}, {'boxes': tensor([[ 44.6767, 137.9018, 446.5324, 487.3429],
[ 0.0000, 288.0053, 489.9292, 490.2352]], grad_fn=<StackBackward0>), 'labels': tensor([18, 15]), 'scores': tensor([0.9978, 0.0697], grad_fn=<IndexBackward0>), 'masks': tensor([[[[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
...,
[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]]],
[[[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
...,
[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., ..., 0., 0., 0.]]]], grad_fn=<UnsqueezeBackward0>)}]
Let’s break this down. For each image in the batch, the model outputs some detections (or instances). The number of detections varies for each input image. Each instance is described by its bounding box, its label, its score and its mask.
The way the output is organized is as follows: the output is a list of length
batch_size
. Each entry in the list corresponds to an input image, and it
is a dict with keys ‘boxes’, ‘labels’, ‘scores’, and ‘masks’. Each value
associated to those keys has num_instances
elements in it. In our case
above there are 3 instances detected in the first image, and 2 instances in
the second one.
The boxes can be plotted with draw_bounding_boxes()
as above, but here we’re more interested in the masks. These masks are quite
different from the masks that we saw above for the semantic segmentation
models.
dog1_output = output[0]
dog1_masks = dog1_output['masks']
print(f"shape = {dog1_masks.shape}, dtype = {dog1_masks.dtype}, "
f"min = {dog1_masks.min()}, max = {dog1_masks.max()}")
shape = torch.Size([3, 1, 500, 500]), dtype = torch.float32, min = 0.0, max = 0.9999862909317017
Here the masks correspond to probabilities indicating, for each pixel, how likely it is to belong to the predicted label of that instance. Those predicted labels correspond to the ‘labels’ element in the same output dict. Let’s see which labels were predicted for the instances of the first image.
print("For the first dog, the following instances were detected:")
print([weights.meta["categories"][label] for label in dog1_output['labels']])
For the first dog, the following instances were detected:
['dog', 'person', 'person']
Interestingly, the model detects two persons in the image. Let’s go ahead and
plot those masks. Since draw_segmentation_masks()
expects boolean masks, we need to convert those probabilities into boolean
values. Remember that the semantic of those masks is “How likely is this pixel
to belong to the predicted class?”. As a result, a natural way of converting
those masks into boolean values is to threshold them with the 0.5 probability
(one could also choose a different threshold).
proba_threshold = 0.5
dog1_bool_masks = dog1_output['masks'] > proba_threshold
print(f"shape = {dog1_bool_masks.shape}, dtype = {dog1_bool_masks.dtype}")
# There's an extra dimension (1) to the masks. We need to remove it
dog1_bool_masks = dog1_bool_masks.squeeze(1)
show(draw_segmentation_masks(dog1_int, dog1_bool_masks, alpha=0.9))
shape = torch.Size([3, 1, 500, 500]), dtype = torch.bool
The model seems to have properly detected the dog, but it also confused trees with people. Looking more closely at the scores will help us plot more relevant masks:
print(dog1_output['scores'])
tensor([0.9987, 0.7187, 0.6525], grad_fn=<IndexBackward0>)
Clearly the model is more confident about the dog detection than it is about the people detections. That’s good news. When plotting the masks, we can ask for only those that have a good score. Let’s use a score threshold of .75 here, and also plot the masks of the second dog.
score_threshold = .75
boolean_masks = [
out['masks'][out['scores'] > score_threshold] > proba_threshold
for out in output
]
dogs_with_masks = [
draw_segmentation_masks(img, mask.squeeze(1))
for img, mask in zip(dog_list, boolean_masks)
]
show(dogs_with_masks)
The two ‘people’ masks in the first image where not selected because they have a lower score than the score threshold. Similarly, in the second image, the instance with class 15 (which corresponds to ‘bench’) was not selected.
Visualizing keypoints¶
The draw_keypoints()
function can be used to
draw keypoints on images. We will see how to use it with
torchvision’s KeypointRCNN loaded with keypointrcnn_resnet50_fpn()
.
We will first have a look at output of the model.
from torchvision.models.detection import keypointrcnn_resnet50_fpn, KeypointRCNN_ResNet50_FPN_Weights
from torchvision.io import decode_image
person_int = decode_image(str(Path("../assets") / "person1.jpg"))
weights = KeypointRCNN_ResNet50_FPN_Weights.DEFAULT
transforms = weights.transforms()
person_float = transforms(person_int)
model = keypointrcnn_resnet50_fpn(weights=weights, progress=False)
model = model.eval()
outputs = model([person_float])
print(outputs)
Downloading: "https://download.pytorch.org/models/keypointrcnn_resnet50_fpn_coco-fc266e95.pth" to /root/.cache/torch/hub/checkpoints/keypointrcnn_resnet50_fpn_coco-fc266e95.pth
[{'boxes': tensor([[124.3751, 177.9242, 327.6354, 574.7064],
[124.3625, 180.7574, 290.1061, 390.7958]], grad_fn=<StackBackward0>), 'labels': tensor([1, 1]), 'scores': tensor([0.9998, 0.1070], grad_fn=<IndexBackward0>), 'keypoints': tensor([[[208.0176, 214.2408, 1.0000],
[208.0176, 207.0375, 1.0000],
[197.8246, 210.6392, 1.0000],
[208.0176, 211.8398, 1.0000],
[178.6378, 217.8425, 1.0000],
[221.2086, 253.8590, 1.0000],
[160.6502, 269.4662, 1.0000],
[243.9929, 304.2822, 1.0000],
[138.4654, 328.8935, 1.0000],
[277.5698, 340.8990, 1.0000],
[153.4551, 374.5144, 1.0000],
[226.0053, 375.7150, 1.0000],
[226.0053, 370.3125, 1.0000],
[221.8082, 455.5516, 1.0000],
[273.9723, 448.9486, 1.0000],
[193.6275, 546.1932, 1.0000],
[273.3727, 545.5930, 1.0000]],
[[207.8327, 214.6636, 1.0000],
[207.2343, 207.4622, 1.0000],
[198.2590, 209.8627, 1.0000],
[208.4310, 210.4628, 1.0000],
[178.5134, 218.2642, 1.0000],
[219.7997, 251.8704, 1.0000],
[162.3579, 269.2736, 1.0000],
[245.5289, 304.6800, 1.0000],
[138.4238, 330.4848, 1.0000],
[278.4382, 346.0876, 1.0000],
[153.3826, 374.8929, 1.0000],
[233.5618, 368.2917, 1.0000],
[225.7832, 367.6916, 1.0000],
[289.8069, 357.4897, 1.0000],
[245.5289, 389.8956, 1.0000],
[281.4300, 349.0882, 1.0000],
[209.0294, 389.8956, 1.0000]]], grad_fn=<CopySlices>), 'keypoints_scores': tensor([[16.0163, 16.6672, 15.8312, 4.6510, 14.2053, 8.8280, 9.1136, 12.2084,
12.1901, 13.8453, 10.7090, 5.5852, 7.5005, 11.3378, 9.3700, 8.2987,
8.4479],
[12.9326, 13.8158, 14.9053, 3.9368, 12.9585, 6.4240, 6.8328, 10.4227,
9.2907, 10.1066, 10.1019, 0.1822, 4.3057, -4.9904, -2.7409, -2.7874,
-3.9329]], grad_fn=<CopySlices>)}]
As we see the output contains a list of dictionaries. The output list is of length batch_size. We currently have just a single image so length of list is 1. Each entry in the list corresponds to an input image, and it is a dict with keys boxes, labels, scores, keypoints and keypoint_scores. Each value associated to those keys has num_instances elements in it. In our case above there are 2 instances detected in the image.
tensor([[[208.0176, 214.2408, 1.0000],
[208.0176, 207.0375, 1.0000],
[197.8246, 210.6392, 1.0000],
[208.0176, 211.8398, 1.0000],
[178.6378, 217.8425, 1.0000],
[221.2086, 253.8590, 1.0000],
[160.6502, 269.4662, 1.0000],
[243.9929, 304.2822, 1.0000],
[138.4654, 328.8935, 1.0000],
[277.5698, 340.8990, 1.0000],
[153.4551, 374.5144, 1.0000],
[226.0053, 375.7150, 1.0000],
[226.0053, 370.3125, 1.0000],
[221.8082, 455.5516, 1.0000],
[273.9723, 448.9486, 1.0000],
[193.6275, 546.1932, 1.0000],
[273.3727, 545.5930, 1.0000]],
[[207.8327, 214.6636, 1.0000],
[207.2343, 207.4622, 1.0000],
[198.2590, 209.8627, 1.0000],
[208.4310, 210.4628, 1.0000],
[178.5134, 218.2642, 1.0000],
[219.7997, 251.8704, 1.0000],
[162.3579, 269.2736, 1.0000],
[245.5289, 304.6800, 1.0000],
[138.4238, 330.4848, 1.0000],
[278.4382, 346.0876, 1.0000],
[153.3826, 374.8929, 1.0000],
[233.5618, 368.2917, 1.0000],
[225.7832, 367.6916, 1.0000],
[289.8069, 357.4897, 1.0000],
[245.5289, 389.8956, 1.0000],
[281.4300, 349.0882, 1.0000],
[209.0294, 389.8956, 1.0000]]], grad_fn=<CopySlices>)
tensor([0.9998, 0.1070], grad_fn=<IndexBackward0>)
The KeypointRCNN model detects there are two instances in the image.
If you plot the boxes by using draw_bounding_boxes()
you would recognize they are the person and the surfboard.
If we look at the scores, we will realize that the model is much more confident about the person than surfboard.
We could now set a threshold confidence and plot instances which we are confident enough.
Let us set a threshold of 0.75 and filter out the keypoints corresponding to the person.
detect_threshold = 0.75
idx = torch.where(scores > detect_threshold)
keypoints = kpts[idx]
print(keypoints)
tensor([[[208.0176, 214.2408, 1.0000],
[208.0176, 207.0375, 1.0000],
[197.8246, 210.6392, 1.0000],
[208.0176, 211.8398, 1.0000],
[178.6378, 217.8425, 1.0000],
[221.2086, 253.8590, 1.0000],
[160.6502, 269.4662, 1.0000],
[243.9929, 304.2822, 1.0000],
[138.4654, 328.8935, 1.0000],
[277.5698, 340.8990, 1.0000],
[153.4551, 374.5144, 1.0000],
[226.0053, 375.7150, 1.0000],
[226.0053, 370.3125, 1.0000],
[221.8082, 455.5516, 1.0000],
[273.9723, 448.9486, 1.0000],
[193.6275, 546.1932, 1.0000],
[273.3727, 545.5930, 1.0000]]], grad_fn=<IndexBackward0>)
Great, now we have the keypoints corresponding to the person.
Each keypoint is represented by x, y coordinates and the visibility.
We can now use the draw_keypoints()
function to draw keypoints.
Note that the utility expects uint8 images.
from torchvision.utils import draw_keypoints
res = draw_keypoints(person_int, keypoints, colors="blue", radius=3)
show(res)
As we see, the keypoints appear as colored circles over the image. The coco keypoints for a person are ordered and represent the following list.
coco_keypoints = [
"nose", "left_eye", "right_eye", "left_ear", "right_ear",
"left_shoulder", "right_shoulder", "left_elbow", "right_elbow",
"left_wrist", "right_wrist", "left_hip", "right_hip",
"left_knee", "right_knee", "left_ankle", "right_ankle",
]
What if we are interested in joining the keypoints? This is especially useful in creating pose detection or action recognition. We can join the keypoints easily using the connectivity parameter. A close observation would reveal that we would need to join the points in below order to construct human skeleton.
nose -> left_eye -> left_ear. (0, 1), (1, 3)
nose -> right_eye -> right_ear. (0, 2), (2, 4)
nose -> left_shoulder -> left_elbow -> left_wrist. (0, 5), (5, 7), (7, 9)
nose -> right_shoulder -> right_elbow -> right_wrist. (0, 6), (6, 8), (8, 10)
left_shoulder -> left_hip -> left_knee -> left_ankle. (5, 11), (11, 13), (13, 15)
right_shoulder -> right_hip -> right_knee -> right_ankle. (6, 12), (12, 14), (14, 16)
We will create a list containing these keypoint ids to be connected.
connect_skeleton = [
(0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 3), (2, 4), (0, 5), (0, 6), (5, 7), (6, 8),
(7, 9), (8, 10), (5, 11), (6, 12), (11, 13), (12, 14), (13, 15), (14, 16)
]
We pass the above list to the connectivity parameter to connect the keypoints.
res = draw_keypoints(person_int, keypoints, connectivity=connect_skeleton, colors="blue", radius=4, width=3)
show(res)
That looks pretty good.
Drawing Keypoints with Visibility¶
Let’s have a look at the results, another keypoint prediction module produced, and show the connectivity:
prediction = torch.tensor(
[[[208.0176, 214.2409, 1.0000],
[000.0000, 000.0000, 0.0000],
[197.8246, 210.6392, 1.0000],
[000.0000, 000.0000, 0.0000],
[178.6378, 217.8425, 1.0000],
[221.2086, 253.8591, 1.0000],
[160.6502, 269.4662, 1.0000],
[243.9929, 304.2822, 1.0000],
[138.4654, 328.8935, 1.0000],
[277.5698, 340.8990, 1.0000],
[153.4551, 374.5145, 1.0000],
[000.0000, 000.0000, 0.0000],
[226.0053, 370.3125, 1.0000],
[221.8081, 455.5516, 1.0000],
[273.9723, 448.9486, 1.0000],
[193.6275, 546.1933, 1.0000],
[273.3727, 545.5930, 1.0000]]]
)
res = draw_keypoints(person_int, prediction, connectivity=connect_skeleton, colors="blue", radius=4, width=3)
show(res)
What happened there?
The model, which predicted the new keypoints,
can’t detect the three points that are hidden on the upper left body of the skateboarder.
More precisely, the model predicted that (x, y, vis) = (0, 0, 0) for the left_eye, left_ear, and left_hip.
So we definitely don’t want to display those keypoints and connections, and you don’t have to.
Looking at the parameters of draw_keypoints()
,
we can see that we can pass a visibility tensor as an additional argument.
Given the models’ prediction, we have the visibility as the third keypoint dimension, we just need to extract it.
Let’s split the prediction
into the keypoint coordinates and their respective visibility,
and pass both of them as arguments to draw_keypoints()
.
coordinates, visibility = prediction.split([2, 1], dim=-1)
visibility = visibility.bool()
res = draw_keypoints(
person_int, coordinates, visibility=visibility, connectivity=connect_skeleton, colors="blue", radius=4, width=3
)
show(res)
We can see that the undetected keypoints are not draw and the invisible keypoint connections were skipped.
This can reduce the noise on images with multiple detections, or in cases like ours,
when the keypoint-prediction model missed some detections.
Most torch keypoint-prediction models return the visibility for every prediction, ready for you to use it.
The keypointrcnn_resnet50_fpn()
model,
which we used in the first case, does so too.
Total running time of the script: (0 minutes 13.524 seconds)