# Reproducibility¶

Completely reproducible results are not guaranteed across PyTorch releases, individual commits or different platforms. Furthermore, results need not be reproducible between CPU and GPU executions, even when using identical seeds.

However, in order to make computations deterministic on your specific problem on one specific platform and PyTorch release, there are a couple of steps to take.

There are two pseudorandom number generators involved in PyTorch, which you will need to seed manually to make runs reproducible. Furthermore, you should ensure that all other libraries your code relies on and which use random numbers also use a fixed seed.

## PyTorch¶

You can use torch.manual_seed() to seed the RNG for all devices (both CPU and CUDA):

import torch
torch.manual_seed(0)


There are some PyTorch functions that use CUDA functions that can be a source of nondeterminism. One class of such CUDA functions are atomic operations, in particular atomicAdd, which can lead to the order of additions being nondetermnistic. Because floating-point addition is not perfectly associative for floating-point operands, atomicAdd with floating-point operands can introduce different floating-point rounding errors on each evaluation, which introduces a source of nondeterministic variance (aka noise) in the result.

PyTorch functions that use atomicAdd in the forward kernels include torch.Tensor.index_add_(), torch.Tensor.scatter_add_(), torch.bincount().

A number of operations have backwards kernels that use atomicAdd, including torch.nn.functional.embedding_bag(), torch.nn.functional.ctc_loss(), torch.nn.functional.interpolate(), and many forms of pooling, padding, and sampling.

There is currently no simple way of avoiding nondeterminism in these functions.

Additionally, the backward path for repeat_interleave() operates nondeterministically on the CUDA backend because repeat_interleave() is implemented using index_select(), the backward path for which is implemented using index_add_(), which is known to operate nondeterministically (in the forward direction) on the CUDA backend (see above).

## CuDNN¶

When running on the CuDNN backend, two further options must be set:

torch.backends.cudnn.deterministic = True
torch.backends.cudnn.benchmark = False


Warning

Deterministic operation may have a negative single-run performance impact, depending on the composition of your model. Due to different underlying operations, which may be slower, the processing speed (e.g. the number of batches trained per second) may be lower than when the model functions nondeterministically. However, even though single-run speed may be slower, depending on your application determinism may save time by facilitating experimentation, debugging, and regression testing.

## Numpy¶

If you or any of the libraries you are using rely on Numpy, you should seed the Numpy RNG as well. This can be done with:

import numpy as np
np.random.seed(0)