Shortcuts

Source code for torch.utils.checkpoint

import torch
import warnings
import weakref
from typing import Any, Iterable, List, Tuple

__all__ = [
    "checkpoint", "checkpoint_sequential", "CheckpointFunction",
    "check_backward_validity", "detach_variable", "get_device_states",
    "set_device_states",
]

def detach_variable(inputs: Tuple[Any, ...]) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, ...]:
    if isinstance(inputs, tuple):
        out = []
        for inp in inputs:
            if not isinstance(inp, torch.Tensor):
                out.append(inp)
                continue

            x = inp.detach()
            x.requires_grad = inp.requires_grad
            out.append(x)
        return tuple(out)
    else:
        raise RuntimeError(
            "Only tuple of tensors is supported. Got Unsupported input type: ", type(inputs).__name__)


def check_backward_validity(inputs: Iterable[Any]) -> None:
    if not any(inp.requires_grad for inp in inputs if isinstance(inp, torch.Tensor)):
        warnings.warn("None of the inputs have requires_grad=True. Gradients will be None")


# We can't know if the run_fn will internally move some args to different devices,
# which would require logic to preserve rng states for those devices as well.
# We could paranoically stash and restore ALL the rng states for all visible devices,
# but that seems very wasteful for most cases.  Compromise:  Stash the RNG state for
# the device of all Tensor args.
#
# To consider:  maybe get_device_states and set_device_states should reside in torch/random.py?
def get_device_states(*args) -> Tuple[List[int], List[torch.Tensor]]:
    # This will not error out if "arg" is a CPU tensor or a non-tensor type because
    # the conditionals short-circuit.
    fwd_gpu_devices = list({arg.get_device() for arg in args
                            if isinstance(arg, torch.Tensor) and arg.is_cuda})

    fwd_gpu_states = []
    for device in fwd_gpu_devices:
        with torch.cuda.device(device):
            fwd_gpu_states.append(torch.cuda.get_rng_state())

    return fwd_gpu_devices, fwd_gpu_states


def set_device_states(devices, states) -> None:
    for device, state in zip(devices, states):
        with torch.cuda.device(device):
            torch.cuda.set_rng_state(state)

def _get_autocast_kwargs():
    gpu_autocast_kwargs = {"enabled": torch.is_autocast_enabled(),
                           "dtype": torch.get_autocast_gpu_dtype(),
                           "cache_enabled": torch.is_autocast_cache_enabled()}

    cpu_autocast_kwargs = {"enabled": torch.is_autocast_cpu_enabled(),
                           "dtype": torch.get_autocast_cpu_dtype(),
                           "cache_enabled": torch.is_autocast_cache_enabled()}

    return gpu_autocast_kwargs, cpu_autocast_kwargs

class CheckpointFunction(torch.autograd.Function):

    @staticmethod
    def forward(ctx, run_function, preserve_rng_state, *args):
        check_backward_validity(args)
        ctx.run_function = run_function
        ctx.preserve_rng_state = preserve_rng_state
        # Accommodates the (remote) possibility that autocast is enabled for cpu AND gpu.
        ctx.gpu_autocast_kwargs, ctx.cpu_autocast_kwargs = _get_autocast_kwargs()
        if preserve_rng_state:
            ctx.fwd_cpu_state = torch.get_rng_state()
            # Don't eagerly initialize the cuda context by accident.
            # (If the user intends that the context is initialized later, within their
            # run_function, we SHOULD actually stash the cuda state here.  Unfortunately,
            # we have no way to anticipate this will happen before we run the function.)
            ctx.had_cuda_in_fwd = False
            if torch.cuda._initialized:
                ctx.had_cuda_in_fwd = True
                ctx.fwd_gpu_devices, ctx.fwd_gpu_states = get_device_states(*args)

        # Save non-tensor inputs in ctx, keep a placeholder None for tensors
        # to be filled out during the backward.
        ctx.inputs = []
        ctx.tensor_indices = []
        tensor_inputs = []
        for i, arg in enumerate(args):
            if torch.is_tensor(arg):
                tensor_inputs.append(arg)
                ctx.tensor_indices.append(i)
                ctx.inputs.append(None)
            else:
                ctx.inputs.append(arg)

        ctx.save_for_backward(*tensor_inputs)

        with torch.no_grad():
            outputs = run_function(*args)
        return outputs

    @staticmethod
    def backward(ctx, *args):
        if not torch.autograd._is_checkpoint_valid():
            raise RuntimeError(
                "Checkpointing is not compatible with .grad() or when an `inputs` parameter"
                " is passed to .backward(). Please use .backward() and do not pass its `inputs`"
                " argument.")
        # Copy the list to avoid modifying original list.
        inputs = list(ctx.inputs)
        tensor_indices = ctx.tensor_indices
        tensors = ctx.saved_tensors

        # Fill in inputs with appropriate saved tensors.
        for i, idx in enumerate(tensor_indices):
            inputs[idx] = tensors[i]

        # Stash the surrounding rng state, and mimic the state that was
        # present at this time during forward.  Restore the surrounding state
        # when we're done.
        rng_devices = []
        if ctx.preserve_rng_state and ctx.had_cuda_in_fwd:
            rng_devices = ctx.fwd_gpu_devices
        with torch.random.fork_rng(devices=rng_devices, enabled=ctx.preserve_rng_state):
            if ctx.preserve_rng_state:
                torch.set_rng_state(ctx.fwd_cpu_state)
                if ctx.had_cuda_in_fwd:
                    set_device_states(ctx.fwd_gpu_devices, ctx.fwd_gpu_states)
            detached_inputs = detach_variable(tuple(inputs))
            with torch.enable_grad(), \
                 torch.cuda.amp.autocast(**ctx.gpu_autocast_kwargs), \
                 torch.cpu.amp.autocast(**ctx.cpu_autocast_kwargs):
                outputs = ctx.run_function(*detached_inputs)

        if isinstance(outputs, torch.Tensor):
            outputs = (outputs,)

        # run backward() with only tensor that requires grad
        outputs_with_grad = []
        args_with_grad = []
        for i in range(len(outputs)):
            if torch.is_tensor(outputs[i]) and outputs[i].requires_grad:
                outputs_with_grad.append(outputs[i])
                args_with_grad.append(args[i])
        if len(outputs_with_grad) == 0:
            raise RuntimeError(
                "none of output has requires_grad=True,"
                " this checkpoint() is not necessary")
        torch.autograd.backward(outputs_with_grad, args_with_grad)
        grads = tuple(inp.grad if isinstance(inp, torch.Tensor) else None
                      for inp in detached_inputs)

        return (None, None) + grads


[docs]def checkpoint(function, *args, use_reentrant: bool = True, **kwargs): r"""Checkpoint a model or part of the model Checkpointing works by trading compute for memory. Rather than storing all intermediate activations of the entire computation graph for computing backward, the checkpointed part does **not** save intermediate activations, and instead recomputes them in backward pass. It can be applied on any part of a model. Specifically, in the forward pass, :attr:`function` will run in :func:`torch.no_grad` manner, i.e., not storing the intermediate activations. Instead, the forward pass saves the inputs tuple and the :attr:`function` parameter. In the backwards pass, the saved inputs and :attr:`function` is retrieved, and the forward pass is computed on :attr:`function` again, now tracking the intermediate activations, and then the gradients are calculated using these activation values. The output of :attr:`function` can contain non-Tensor values and gradient recording is only performed for the Tensor values. Note that if the output consists of nested structures (ex: custom objects, lists, dicts etc.) consisting of Tensors, these Tensors nested in custom structures will not be considered as part of autograd. .. warning:: If :attr:`function` invocation during backward does anything different than the one during forward, e.g., due to some global variable, the checkpointed version won't be equivalent, and unfortunately it can't be detected. .. warning:: If ``use_reentrant=True`` is specified, then if the checkpointed segment contains tensors detached from the computational graph by `detach()` or `torch.no_grad()`, the backward pass will raise an error. This is because `checkpoint` makes all the outputs require gradients which causes issues when a tensor is defined to have no gradient in the model. To circumvent this, detach the tensors outside of the `checkpoint` function. Note that the checkpointed segment can contain tensors detached from the computational graph if ``use_reentrant=False`` is specified. .. warning:: If ``use_reentrant=True`` is specified, at least one of the inputs needs to have :code:`requires_grad=True` if grads are needed for model inputs, otherwise the checkpointed part of the model won't have gradients. At least one of the outputs needs to have :code:`requires_grad=True` as well. Note that this does not apply if ``use_reentrant=False`` is specified. .. warning:: If ``use_reentrant=True`` is specified, checkpointing currently only supports :func:`torch.autograd.backward` and only if its `inputs` argument is not passed. :func:`torch.autograd.grad` is not supported. If ``use_reentrant=False`` is specified, checkpointing will work with :func:`torch.autograd.grad`. Args: function: describes what to run in the forward pass of the model or part of the model. It should also know how to handle the inputs passed as the tuple. For example, in LSTM, if user passes ``(activation, hidden)``, :attr:`function` should correctly use the first input as ``activation`` and the second input as ``hidden`` preserve_rng_state(bool, optional): Omit stashing and restoring the RNG state during each checkpoint. Default: ``True`` use_reentrant(bool, optional): Use checkpointing implementation that requires re-entrant autograd. If ``use_reentrant=False`` is specified, ``checkpoint`` will use an implementation that does not require re-entrant autograd. This allows ``checkpoint`` to support additional functionality, such as working as expected with ``torch.autograd.grad`` and support for keyword arguments input into the checkpointed function. Note that future versions of PyTorch will default to ``use_reentrant=False``. Default: ``True`` args: tuple containing inputs to the :attr:`function` Returns: Output of running :attr:`function` on :attr:`*args` """ # Hack to mix *args with **kwargs in a python 2.7-compliant way preserve = kwargs.pop('preserve_rng_state', True) if kwargs and use_reentrant: raise ValueError("Unexpected keyword arguments: " + ",".join(arg for arg in kwargs)) if use_reentrant: return CheckpointFunction.apply(function, preserve, *args) else: return _checkpoint_without_reentrant( function, preserve, *args, **kwargs, )
[docs]def checkpoint_sequential(functions, segments, input, use_reentrant=True, **kwargs): r"""A helper function for checkpointing sequential models. Sequential models execute a list of modules/functions in order (sequentially). Therefore, we can divide such a model in various segments and checkpoint each segment. All segments except the last will run in :func:`torch.no_grad` manner, i.e., not storing the intermediate activations. The inputs of each checkpointed segment will be saved for re-running the segment in the backward pass. See :func:`~torch.utils.checkpoint.checkpoint` on how checkpointing works. .. warning:: Checkpointing currently only supports :func:`torch.autograd.backward` and only if its `inputs` argument is not passed. :func:`torch.autograd.grad` is not supported. .. warning: At least one of the inputs needs to have :code:`requires_grad=True` if grads are needed for model inputs, otherwise the checkpointed part of the model won't have gradients. .. warning: Since PyTorch 1.4, it allows only one Tensor as the input and intermediate outputs, just like :class:`torch.nn.Sequential`. Args: functions: A :class:`torch.nn.Sequential` or the list of modules or functions (comprising the model) to run sequentially. segments: Number of chunks to create in the model input: A Tensor that is input to :attr:`functions` preserve_rng_state(bool, optional): Omit stashing and restoring the RNG state during each checkpoint. Default: ``True`` use_reentrant(bool, optional): Use checkpointing implementation that requires re-entrant autograd. If ``use_reentrant=False`` is specified, ``checkpoint`` will use an implementation that does not require re-entrant autograd. This allows ``checkpoint`` to support additional functionality, such as working as expected with ``torch.autograd.grad`` and support for keyword arguments input into the checkpointed function. Default: ``True`` Returns: Output of running :attr:`functions` sequentially on :attr:`*inputs` Example: >>> # xdoctest: +SKIP("stub") >>> model = nn.Sequential(...) >>> input_var = checkpoint_sequential(model, chunks, input_var) """ # Hack for keyword-only parameter in a python 2.7-compliant way preserve = kwargs.pop('preserve_rng_state', True) if kwargs: raise ValueError("Unexpected keyword arguments: " + ",".join(arg for arg in kwargs)) def run_function(start, end, functions): def forward(input): for j in range(start, end + 1): input = functions[j](input) return input return forward if isinstance(functions, torch.nn.Sequential): functions = list(functions.children()) segment_size = len(functions) // segments # the last chunk has to be non-volatile end = -1 for start in range(0, segment_size * (segments - 1), segment_size): end = start + segment_size - 1 input = checkpoint( run_function(start, end, functions), input, use_reentrant=use_reentrant, preserve_rng_state=preserve ) return run_function(end + 1, len(functions) - 1, functions)(input)
def _checkpoint_without_reentrant(function, preserve_rng_state=True, *args, **kwargs): """Checkpointining without re-entrant autograd Args: function: describes what to run in the forward pass of the model or part of the model. It should also know how to handle the inputs passed as the tuple. For example, in LSTM, if user passes ``(activation, hidden)``, :attr:`function` should correctly use the first input as ``activation`` and the second input as ``hidden`` preserve_rng_state(bool, optional): Omit stashing and restoring the RNG state during each checkpoint. Default: ``True`` *args: Arguments to pass in to the given ``function``. **kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass into the given ``function``. """ # Accommodates the (remote) possibility that autocast is enabled for cpu AND gpu. gpu_autocast_kwargs, cpu_autocast_kwargs = _get_autocast_kwargs() if preserve_rng_state: fwd_cpu_state = torch.get_rng_state() # Don't eagerly initialize the cuda context by accident. # (If the user intends that the context is initialized later, within their # run_function, we SHOULD actually stash the cuda state here. Unfortunately, # we have no way to anticipate this will happen before we run the function. # If they do so, we raise an error.) had_cuda_in_fwd = False if torch.cuda._initialized: had_cuda_in_fwd = True fwd_gpu_devices, fwd_gpu_states = get_device_states(*args) # Custom class to be able to take weak references class Holder(): pass # The Holder object for each of the saved object is saved directly on the # SavedVariable and is cleared when reset_data() is called on it. We MUST make # sure that this is the only object having an owning reference to ensure that # the Tensor stored in storage is deleted as soon as the corresponding SavedVariable # data is cleared. storage: weakref.WeakKeyDictionary = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary() weak_holder_list = [] def pack(x): # TODO(varal7): Instead of returning abstract object, we can return things metadata (such as # size, device, ...) to catch certain cases of undeterministic behavior of the forward res = Holder() weak_holder_list.append(weakref.ref(res)) return res def unpack(x): unpack_counter = 0 if len(storage) == 0: def inner_pack(inner): nonlocal unpack_counter unpack_counter += 1 # If the holder went out of scope, the SavedVariable is dead and so # the value will never be read from the storage. Skip filling it. if weak_holder_list[unpack_counter - 1]() is None: return # Use detach here to ensure we don't keep the temporary autograd # graph created during the second forward storage[weak_holder_list[unpack_counter - 1]()] = inner.detach() return def inner_unpack(packed): raise RuntimeError("You are calling backwards on a tensor that is never exposed. Please open an issue.") # Stash the surrounding rng state, and mimic the state that was # present at this time during forward. Restore the surrounding state # when we're done. rng_devices = [] if preserve_rng_state and had_cuda_in_fwd: rng_devices = fwd_gpu_devices with torch.random.fork_rng(devices=rng_devices, enabled=preserve_rng_state): if preserve_rng_state: torch.set_rng_state(fwd_cpu_state) if had_cuda_in_fwd: set_device_states(fwd_gpu_devices, fwd_gpu_states) with torch.enable_grad(), \ torch.cuda.amp.autocast(**gpu_autocast_kwargs), \ torch.cpu.amp.autocast(**cpu_autocast_kwargs), \ torch.autograd.graph.saved_tensors_hooks(inner_pack, inner_unpack): _unused = function(*args, **kwargs) if x not in storage: raise RuntimeError( "Attempt to retrieve a tensor saved by autograd multiple times without checkpoint" " recomputation being triggered in between, this is not currently supported. Please" " open an issue with details on your use case so that we can prioritize adding this." ) return storage[x] with torch.autograd.graph.saved_tensors_hooks(pack, unpack): output = function(*args, **kwargs) if torch.cuda._initialized and preserve_rng_state and not had_cuda_in_fwd: # Cuda was not initialized before running the forward, so we didn't # stash the CUDA state. raise RuntimeError( "PyTorch's CUDA state was initialized in the forward pass " "of a Checkpoint, which is not allowed. Please open an issue " "if you need this feature.") return output

Docs

Access comprehensive developer documentation for PyTorch

View Docs

Tutorials

Get in-depth tutorials for beginners and advanced developers

View Tutorials

Resources

Find development resources and get your questions answered

View Resources