TorchDynamo Deep Dive ===================== Before you read this section, read :ref:`torch.compiler_overview`. **TorchDynamo** is a Python-level Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler designed to make unmodified PyTorch programs faster. TorchDynamo hooks into the frame evaluation API in CPython (`PEP 523 `__) to dynamically modify Python bytecode right before it is executed. It rewrites Python bytecode to extract sequences of PyTorch operations into an `FX Graph `__ which is then compiled with a customizable backend. It creates this FX Graph through bytecode analysis and is designed to mix Python execution with compiled backends to get the best of both worlds — usability and performance. TorchDynamo makes it easy to experiment with different compiler backends to make PyTorch code faster with a single line decorator ``torch._dynamo.optimize()`` which is wrapped for convenience by ``torch.compile()`` The following diagram demonstrates how PyTorch works with ``torch.compile`` and without it: .. image:: _static/img/dynamo/TorchDynamo.png `TorchInductor` is one of the backends supported by `TorchDynamo Graph `__ into `Triton `__ for GPUs or `C++/OpenMP `__ for CPUs. We have a `training performance dashboard `__ that provides performance comparison for different training backends. You can read more in the `TorchInductor post on PyTorch dev-discuss `__. For an in-depth overview, read the sections below, watch the deep-dive video, and check out the dev-discuss topics. * `TorchDynamo deep-dive video `__ * `dev-discuss topics `__ TorchDynamo Internals ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ **Author**: `Jason Ansel `_ and `Kaichao You `_ This section will go over some of the TorchDynamo internals and will demonstrate how TorchDynamo works under the hood. What is a guard? ---------------- TorchDynamo operates just-in-time and specializes graphs based on dynamic properties. Below is a basic example of how to use TorchDynamo. One can decorate a function or a method using ``torchdynamo.optimize`` to enable TorchDynamo optimization: .. code-block:: python from typing import List import torch from torch import _dynamo as torchdynamo def my_compiler(gm: torch.fx.GraphModule, example_inputs: List[torch.Tensor]): print("my_compiler() called with FX graph:") gm.graph.print_tabular() return gm.forward # return a python callable @torchdynamo.optimize(my_compiler) def toy_example(a, b): x = a / (torch.abs(a) + 1) if b.sum() < 0: b = b * -1 return x * b for _ in range(100): toy_example(torch.randn(10), torch.randn(10)) For example, the first graph above has the following guards: :: GUARDS: hasattr(L['a'], '_dynamo_dynamic_indices') == False hasattr(L['b'], '_dynamo_dynamic_indices') == False utils_device.CURRENT_DEVICE == None ___skip_backend_check() or ___current_backend() == ___lookup_backend(140355900538256) check_tensor(L['a'], Tensor, DispatchKeySet(CPU, BackendSelect, ADInplaceOrView, AutogradCPU), torch.float32, device=None, requires_grad=False, size=[10], stride=[1]) check_tensor(L['b'], Tensor, DispatchKeySet(CPU, BackendSelect, ADInplaceOrView, AutogradCPU), torch.float32, device=None, requires_grad=False, size=[10], stride=[1]) If any of those guards fail, the graph will be recaptured and recompiled. The interesting guard there is ``check_tensor``, which checks the following ``torch.Tensor`` properties: - Python class of the tensor (tensor subclassing, etc) - dtype - device - requires_grad - dispatch_key (with thread-local includes/excludes applied) - ndim - sizes\* - strides\* The full specialization mode allows the backend compiler to assume an entirely static graph. Unfortunately, most backends require this. Operators which return dynamic shapes will trigger a graph break when not in dynamic shape mode. What is Dynamo doing? --------------------- If you want to understand better what TorchDynamo is doing, you can run your code with: :: TORCH_LOGS="+dynamo,guards,bytecode" If you are not familiar with Python bytecode, you can add a decompiler hook to decompile the bytecode into human-readable source code. One available tool is `depyf `__. If you don't have ``depyf`` already installed, run ``pip install depyf``. Then, add the following code to install decompilation hooks before you run any code. .. code-block:: python import depyf depyf.install() This code triggers useful (but spammy) printouts. For example, the printouts for the first graph in the ``toy_example`` are: :: __compiled_fn_0 .1 opcode name target args kwargs ------------- ------- ------------------------------------------------------ ---------------- -------- placeholder a a () {} placeholder b b () {} call_function abs_1 (a,) {} call_function add (abs_1, 1) {} call_function truediv (a, add) {} call_method sum_1 sum (b,) {} call_function lt (sum_1, 0) {} output output output ((truediv, lt),) {} ORIGINAL BYTECODE toy_example example.py line 12 14 0 LOAD_FAST 0 (a) 2 LOAD_GLOBAL 0 (torch) 4 LOAD_METHOD 1 (abs) 6 LOAD_FAST 0 (a) 8 CALL_METHOD 1 10 LOAD_CONST 1 (1) 12 BINARY_ADD 14 BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE 16 STORE_FAST 2 (x) 15 18 LOAD_FAST 1 (b) 20 LOAD_METHOD 2 (sum) 22 CALL_METHOD 0 24 LOAD_CONST 2 (0) 26 COMPARE_OP 0 (<) 28 POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE 19 (to 38) 16 30 LOAD_FAST 1 (b) 32 LOAD_CONST 3 (-1) 34 BINARY_MULTIPLY 36 STORE_FAST 1 (b) 17 >> 38 LOAD_FAST 2 (x) 40 LOAD_FAST 1 (b) 42 BINARY_MULTIPLY 44 RETURN_VALUE MODIFIED BYTECODE toy_example example.py line 12 12 0 LOAD_GLOBAL 3 (__compiled_fn_0) 2 LOAD_FAST 0 (a) 4 LOAD_FAST 1 (b) 6 CALL_FUNCTION 2 8 UNPACK_SEQUENCE 2 10 STORE_FAST 2 (x) 12 POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE 12 (to 24) 14 LOAD_GLOBAL 4 (__resume_at_30_1) 16 LOAD_FAST 1 (b) 18 LOAD_FAST 2 (x) 20 CALL_FUNCTION 2 22 RETURN_VALUE >> 24 LOAD_GLOBAL 5 (__resume_at_38_2) 26 LOAD_FAST 1 (b) 28 LOAD_FAST 2 (x) 30 CALL_FUNCTION 2 32 RETURN_VALUE possible source code: def toy_example(a, b): __temp_1 = __compiled_fn_0(a, b) x = __temp_1[0] if __temp_1[1]: return __resume_at_30_1(b, x) return __resume_at_38_2(b, x) If you find the decompiled code is wrong,please submit an issue at https://github.com/youkaichao/depyf/issues. At the top you can see the FX graph. Next, you see the original bytecode of the function, followed by the modified bytecode generated by TorchDynamo, and the decompiled source code for reference. Finally, you see the guards which we covered above. In the modified bytecode, ``__compiled_fn_0`` is the return value of ``my_compiler()`` (the compiled graph). ``__resume_at_30_1`` and ``__resume_at_38_2`` are both generated continuation functions that pick up execution after a graph break (at bytecode offsets 30 and 38). Each of these functions take the form: :: __resume_at_: ... restore stack state if needed ... JUMP_ABSOLUTE into toy_example ... original bytecode of toy_example ... By generating this ``resume_at`` function, we force the remainder of the function to be executed in a new Python frame which recursively triggers TorchDynamo to restart its capture once execution reaches that point for the first time. How to inspect artifacts generated by TorchDynamo? -------------------------------------------------- To inspect the artifacts generated by TorchDynamo, there is an API ``torch._dynamo.eval_frame._debug_get_cache_entry_list`` that retrieves compiled code and guards out of a function's ``__code__`` object. A compiled function can have several cache entries, and each cache entry consists a generated function to check guards, and a ``types.CodeType`` object to keep the code to be executed if the guarding conditions are satisfied. .. code-block:: python from torch._dynamo.eval_frame import _debug_get_cache_entry_list, innermost_fn cache_entries = _debug_get_cache_entry_list(innermost_fn(toy_example)) cache_entry = cache_entries[0] guard, code = cache_entry.check_fn, cache_entry.code # the guard takes the local variables of an input frame, and tells whether a re-compilation should be triggered. import dis dis.dis(guard) dis.dis(code) If you know Python bytecode, you can understand the above output. For the guard function, there is no need to inspect the bytecode. We can directly access its guarding conditions: .. code-block:: python for code_part in guard.code_parts: print(code_part) The output is: :: ___guarded_code.valid ___check_global_state() hasattr(L['a'], '_dynamo_dynamic_indices') == False hasattr(L['b'], '_dynamo_dynamic_indices') == False utils_device.CURRENT_DEVICE == None ___skip_backend_check() or ___current_backend() == ___lookup_backend(140215810860528) ___check_tensors(L['a'], L['b'], tensor_check_names=tensor_check_names) Only when all the conditions are satisfied, the guard function returns true, and the compiled code is executed. For the compiled code, we cannot directly access its source but have to decompile it. .. code-block:: python from depyf import decompile print(decompile(code)) The output is: :: def toy_example(a, b): __temp_1 = __compiled_fn_0(a, b) x = __temp_1[0] if __temp_1[1]: return __resume_at_30_1(b, x) return __resume_at_38_2(b, x) Some names referenced in the code are: - Compiled functions, stored in the global namespace of the module containing the original function ``toy_example``. These include names like ``__compiled_fn_0`` / ``__resume_at_30_1`` / ``__resume_at_38_2``. - Closure variables used for checking guards. The names can be accessed from ``guard.__code__.co_freevars``, and the values are stored in ``guard.__closure__``. These include names like ``___guarded_code`` / ``___is_grad_enabled`` / ``___are_deterministic_algorithms_enabled`` / ``___is_torch_function_enabled`` / ``utils_device`` / ``___check_tensors`` / ``tensor_check_names``. - Argument ``L`` of the ``guard`` function. This is a dict mapping the name of arguments of ``toy_example`` to its values. This is only available when the function is called, where the frame evaluation API comes into play. In short, ``L`` is a ``dict`` with structure of ``{'a': value_a, 'b': value_b}``. Therefore, you can see the code uses ``L['a']`` to refer to the input variable ``a``. The graph break is shown in the code of compiled ``toy_example``, where we have to use Python interpreter to select the following graph to execute. Note that we pass a simple ``my_compiler`` function as the backend compiler, therefore the subgraph code ``__resume_at_38_2``, ``__resume_at_30_1``, and ``__compiled_fn_0`` remain Python code. This can also be inspected (please ignore the function name, and only use the function signature and function body code): .. code-block:: python print("source code of __compiled_fn_0:") print(innermost_fn(__compiled_fn_0).__self__.code) print("=" * 60) print("source code of __resume_at_30_1:") print(decompile(__resume_at_30_1)) print("=" * 60) print("source code of __resume_at_38_2:") print(decompile(__resume_at_38_2)) :: source code of __compiled_fn_0: def forward(self, L_a_ : torch.Tensor, L_b_ : torch.Tensor): l_a_ = L_a_ l_b_ = L_b_ abs_1 = torch.abs(l_a_) add = abs_1 + 1; abs_1 = None truediv = l_a_ / add; l_a_ = add = None sum_1 = l_b_.sum(); l_b_ = None lt = sum_1 < 0; sum_1 = None return (truediv, lt) # To see more debug info, please use ``graph_module.print_readable()`` ============================================================ source code of __resume_at_30_1: def (b, x): b = b * -1 return x * b ============================================================ source code of __resume_at_38_2: def (b, x): return x * b However, if we use other backends like the built-in ``inductor``, the subgraph code will be compiled CUDA kernels for GPU or C++ code for CPU. To summarize, the compiled code is conceptually equivalent to the code below: .. code-block:: python def compiled_example(a, b): L = {'a': a, 'b': b} for guard, code in get_cache_entries(): if guard(L): return code(a, b) recompile_and_add_another_cache_entry() The following diagram demonstrates how ``torch.compile`` transforms and optimizes user-written code: it first extracts computation graphs from the user-written function, and compiles these graphs into optimized functions, then assembles them into a new function, which is functionally equivalent to the user-written code but optimized to have a good computation speed. .. image:: _static/img/dynamo/flowchart.jpg