# Complex Numbers¶

Complex numbers are numbers that can be expressed in the form $a + bj$ , where a and b are real numbers, and j is a solution of the equation $x^2 = −1$ . Complex numbers frequently occur in mathematics and engineering, especially in signal processing. Traditionally many users and libraries (e.g., TorchAudio) have handled complex numbers by representing the data in float tensors with shape $(..., 2)$ where the last dimension contains the real and imaginary values.

Tensors of complex dtypes provide a more natural user experience for working with complex numbers. Operations on complex tensors (e.g., torch.mv(), torch.matmul()) are likely to be faster and more memory efficient than operations on float tensors mimicking them. Operations involving complex numbers in PyTorch are optimized to use vectorized assembly instructions and specialized kernels (e.g. LAPACK, cuBlas).

Note

Spectral operations in the torch.fft module support native complex tensors.

Warning

Complex tensors is a beta feature and subject to change.

## Creating Complex Tensors¶

We support two complex dtypes: torch.cfloat and torch.cdouble

>>> x = torch.randn(2,2, dtype=torch.cfloat)
>>> x
tensor([[-0.4621-0.0303j, -0.2438-0.5874j],
[ 0.7706+0.1421j,  1.2110+0.1918j]])


Note

The default dtype for complex tensors is determined by the default floating point dtype. If the default floating point dtype is torch.float64 then complex numbers are inferred to have a dtype of torch.complex128, otherwise they are assumed to have a dtype of torch.complex64.

All factory functions apart from torch.linspace(), torch.logspace(), and torch.arange() are supported for complex tensors.

## Transition from the old representation¶

Users who currently worked around the lack of complex tensors with real tensors of shape $(..., 2)$ can easily to switch using the complex tensors in their code using torch.view_as_complex() and torch.view_as_real(). Note that these functions don’t perform any copy and return a view of the input tensor.

>>> x = torch.randn(3, 2)
>>> x
tensor([[ 0.6125, -0.1681],
[-0.3773,  1.3487],
[-0.0861, -0.7981]])
>>> y = torch.view_as_complex(x)
>>> y
tensor([ 0.6125-0.1681j, -0.3773+1.3487j, -0.0861-0.7981j])
>>> torch.view_as_real(y)
tensor([[ 0.6125, -0.1681],
[-0.3773,  1.3487],
[-0.0861, -0.7981]])


## Accessing real and imag¶

The real and imaginary values of a complex tensor can be accessed using the real and imag.

Note

Accessing real and imag attributes doesn’t allocate any memory, and in-place updates on the real and imag tensors will update the original complex tensor. Also, the returned real and imag tensors are not contiguous.

>>> y.real
tensor([ 0.6125, -0.3773, -0.0861])
>>> y.imag
tensor([-0.1681,  1.3487, -0.7981])

>>> y.real.mul_(2)
tensor([ 1.2250, -0.7546, -0.1722])
>>> y
tensor([ 1.2250-0.1681j, -0.7546+1.3487j, -0.1722-0.7981j])
>>> y.real.stride()
(2,)


## Angle and abs¶

The angle and absolute values of a complex tensor can be computed using torch.angle() and torch.abs.

>>> x1=torch.tensor([3j, 4+4j])
>>> x1.abs()
tensor([3.0000, 5.6569])
>>> x1.angle()
tensor([1.5708, 0.7854])


## Linear Algebra¶

Many linear algebra operations, like torch.matmul(), torch.svd(), torch.solve() etc., support complex numbers. If you’d like to request an operation we don’t currently support, please search if an issue has already been filed and if not, file one.

## Serialization¶

Complex tensors can be serialized, allowing data to be saved as complex values.

>>> torch.save(y, 'complex_tensor.pt')
tensor([ 0.6125-0.1681j, -0.3773+1.3487j, -0.0861-0.7981j])


PyTorch supports autograd for complex tensors. The gradient computed is the Conjugate Wirtinger derivative, the negative of which is precisely the direction of steepest descent used in Gradient Descent algorithm. Thus, all the existing optimizers work out of the box with complex parameters. For more details, check out the note Autograd for Complex Numbers.

We do not fully support the following subsystems:

• Quantization

• JIT

• Sparse Tensors

• Distributed

If any of these would help your use case, please search if an issue has already been filed and if not, file one.