.. role:: hidden :class: hidden-section Distributed communication package - torch.distributed ===================================================== .. note :: Please refer to `PyTorch Distributed Overview `__ for a brief introduction to all features related to distributed training. .. automodule:: torch.distributed .. currentmodule:: torch.distributed Backends -------- ``torch.distributed`` supports three built-in backends, each with different capabilities. The table below shows which functions are available for use with CPU / CUDA tensors. MPI supports CUDA only if the implementation used to build PyTorch supports it. +----------------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | Backend | ``gloo`` | ``mpi`` | ``nccl`` | +----------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | Device | CPU | GPU | CPU | GPU | CPU | GPU | +================+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+=====+ | send | ✓ | ✘ | ✓ | ? | ✘ | ✓ | +----------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | recv | ✓ | ✘ | ✓ | ? | ✘ | ✓ | +----------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | broadcast | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ? | ✘ | ✓ | +----------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | all_reduce | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ? | ✘ | ✓ | +----------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | reduce | ✓ | ✘ | ✓ | ? | ✘ | ✓ | +----------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | all_gather | ✓ | ✘ | ✓ | ? | ✘ | ✓ | +----------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | gather | ✓ | ✘ | ✓ | ? | ✘ | ✓ | +----------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | scatter | ✓ | ✘ | ✓ | ? | ✘ | ✘ | +----------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | reduce_scatter | ✘ | ✘ | ✘ | ✘ | ✘ | ✓ | +----------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | all_to_all | ✘ | ✘ | ✓ | ? | ✘ | ✓ | +----------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ | barrier | ✓ | ✘ | ✓ | ? | ✘ | ✓ | +----------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+ Backends that come with PyTorch ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ PyTorch distributed package supports Linux (stable), MacOS (stable), and Windows (prototype). By default for Linux, the Gloo and NCCL backends are built and included in PyTorch distributed (NCCL only when building with CUDA). MPI is an optional backend that can only be included if you build PyTorch from source. (e.g. building PyTorch on a host that has MPI installed.) .. note :: As of PyTorch v1.8, Windows supports all collective communications backend but NCCL, If the `init_method` argument of :func:`init_process_group` points to a file it must adhere to the following schema: - Local file system, ``init_method="file:///d:/tmp/some_file"`` - Shared file system, ``init_method="file://////{machine_name}/{share_folder_name}/some_file"`` Same as on Linux platform, you can enable TcpStore by setting environment variables, MASTER_ADDR and MASTER_PORT. Which backend to use? ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ In the past, we were often asked: "which backend should I use?". - Rule of thumb - Use the NCCL backend for distributed **GPU** training - Use the Gloo backend for distributed **CPU** training. - GPU hosts with InfiniBand interconnect - Use NCCL, since it's the only backend that currently supports InfiniBand and GPUDirect. - GPU hosts with Ethernet interconnect - Use NCCL, since it currently provides the best distributed GPU training performance, especially for multiprocess single-node or multi-node distributed training. If you encounter any problem with NCCL, use Gloo as the fallback option. (Note that Gloo currently runs slower than NCCL for GPUs.) - CPU hosts with InfiniBand interconnect - If your InfiniBand has enabled IP over IB, use Gloo, otherwise, use MPI instead. We are planning on adding InfiniBand support for Gloo in the upcoming releases. - CPU hosts with Ethernet interconnect - Use Gloo, unless you have specific reasons to use MPI. Common environment variables ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Choosing the network interface to use """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" By default, both the NCCL and Gloo backends will try to find the right network interface to use. If the automatically detected interface is not correct, you can override it using the following environment variables (applicable to the respective backend): * **NCCL_SOCKET_IFNAME**, for example ``export NCCL_SOCKET_IFNAME=eth0`` * **GLOO_SOCKET_IFNAME**, for example ``export GLOO_SOCKET_IFNAME=eth0`` If you're using the Gloo backend, you can specify multiple interfaces by separating them by a comma, like this: ``export GLOO_SOCKET_IFNAME=eth0,eth1,eth2,eth3``. The backend will dispatch operations in a round-robin fashion across these interfaces. It is imperative that all processes specify the same number of interfaces in this variable. Other NCCL environment variables """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" NCCL has also provided a number of environment variables for fine-tuning purposes. Commonly used ones include the following for debugging purposes: - ``export NCCL_DEBUG=INFO`` - ``export NCCL_DEBUG_SUBSYS=ALL`` For the full list of NCCL environment variables, please refer to `NVIDIA NCCL's official documentation `_ .. _distributed-basics: Basics ------ The `torch.distributed` package provides PyTorch support and communication primitives for multiprocess parallelism across several computation nodes running on one or more machines. The class :func:`torch.nn.parallel.DistributedDataParallel` builds on this functionality to provide synchronous distributed training as a wrapper around any PyTorch model. This differs from the kinds of parallelism provided by :doc:`multiprocessing` and :func:`torch.nn.DataParallel` in that it supports multiple network-connected machines and in that the user must explicitly launch a separate copy of the main training script for each process. In the single-machine synchronous case, `torch.distributed` or the :func:`torch.nn.parallel.DistributedDataParallel` wrapper may still have advantages over other approaches to data-parallelism, including :func:`torch.nn.DataParallel`: * Each process maintains its own optimizer and performs a complete optimization step with each iteration. While this may appear redundant, since the gradients have already been gathered together and averaged across processes and are thus the same for every process, this means that no parameter broadcast step is needed, reducing time spent transferring tensors between nodes. * Each process contains an independent Python interpreter, eliminating the extra interpreter overhead and "GIL-thrashing" that comes from driving several execution threads, model replicas, or GPUs from a single Python process. This is especially important for models that make heavy use of the Python runtime, including models with recurrent layers or many small components. Initialization -------------- The package needs to be initialized using the :func:`torch.distributed.init_process_group` function before calling any other methods. This blocks until all processes have joined. .. autofunction:: is_available .. autofunction:: init_process_group .. autofunction:: is_initialized .. autofunction:: is_mpi_available .. autofunction:: is_nccl_available .. autofunction:: is_torchelastic_launched -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Currently three initialization methods are supported: TCP initialization ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ There are two ways to initialize using TCP, both requiring a network address reachable from all processes and a desired ``world_size``. The first way requires specifying an address that belongs to the rank 0 process. This initialization method requires that all processes have manually specified ranks. Note that multicast address is not supported anymore in the latest distributed package. ``group_name`` is deprecated as well. :: import torch.distributed as dist # Use address of one of the machines dist.init_process_group(backend, init_method='tcp://10.1.1.20:23456', rank=args.rank, world_size=4) Shared file-system initialization ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Another initialization method makes use of a file system that is shared and visible from all machines in a group, along with a desired ``world_size``. The URL should start with ``file://`` and contain a path to a non-existent file (in an existing directory) on a shared file system. File-system initialization will automatically create that file if it doesn't exist, but will not delete the file. Therefore, it is your responsibility to make sure that the file is cleaned up before the next :func:`init_process_group` call on the same file path/name. Note that automatic rank assignment is not supported anymore in the latest distributed package and ``group_name`` is deprecated as well. .. warning:: This method assumes that the file system supports locking using ``fcntl`` - most local systems and NFS support it. .. warning:: This method will always create the file and try its best to clean up and remove the file at the end of the program. In other words, each initialization with the file init method will need a brand new empty file in order for the initialization to succeed. If the same file used by the previous initialization (which happens not to get cleaned up) is used again, this is unexpected behavior and can often cause deadlocks and failures. Therefore, even though this method will try its best to clean up the file, if the auto-delete happens to be unsuccessful, it is your responsibility to ensure that the file is removed at the end of the training to prevent the same file to be reused again during the next time. This is especially important if you plan to call :func:`init_process_group` multiple times on the same file name. In other words, if the file is not removed/cleaned up and you call :func:`init_process_group` again on that file, failures are expected. The rule of thumb here is that, make sure that the file is non-existent or empty every time :func:`init_process_group` is called. :: import torch.distributed as dist # rank should always be specified dist.init_process_group(backend, init_method='file:///mnt/nfs/sharedfile', world_size=4, rank=args.rank) Environment variable initialization ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ This method will read the configuration from environment variables, allowing one to fully customize how the information is obtained. The variables to be set are: * ``MASTER_PORT`` - required; has to be a free port on machine with rank 0 * ``MASTER_ADDR`` - required (except for rank 0); address of rank 0 node * ``WORLD_SIZE`` - required; can be set either here, or in a call to init function * ``RANK`` - required; can be set either here, or in a call to init function The machine with rank 0 will be used to set up all connections. This is the default method, meaning that ``init_method`` does not have to be specified (or can be ``env://``). Post-Initialization ------------------- Once :func:`torch.distributed.init_process_group` was run, the following functions can be used. To check whether the process group has already been initialized use :func:`torch.distributed.is_initialized`. .. autoclass:: Backend :members: .. autofunction:: get_backend .. autofunction:: get_rank .. autofunction:: get_world_size -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Distributed Key-Value Store --------------------------- The distributed package comes with a distributed key-value store, which can be used to share information between processes in the group as well as to initialize the distributed package in :func:`torch.distributed.init_process_group` (by explicitly creating the store as an alternative to specifying ``init_method``.) There are 3 choices for Key-Value Stores: :class:`~torch.distributed.TCPStore`, :class:`~torch.distributed.FileStore`, and :class:`~torch.distributed.HashStore`. .. autoclass:: Store .. autoclass:: TCPStore .. autoclass:: HashStore .. autoclass:: FileStore .. autoclass:: PrefixStore .. autofunction:: torch.distributed.Store.set .. autofunction:: torch.distributed.Store.get .. autofunction:: torch.distributed.Store.add .. autofunction:: torch.distributed.Store.compare_set .. autofunction:: torch.distributed.Store.wait .. autofunction:: torch.distributed.Store.num_keys .. autofunction:: torch.distributed.Store.delete_key .. autofunction:: torch.distributed.Store.set_timeout Groups ------ By default collectives operate on the default group (also called the world) and require all processes to enter the distributed function call. However, some workloads can benefit from more fine-grained communication. This is where distributed groups come into play. :func:`~torch.distributed.new_group` function can be used to create new groups, with arbitrary subsets of all processes. It returns an opaque group handle that can be given as a ``group`` argument to all collectives (collectives are distributed functions to exchange information in certain well-known programming patterns). .. autofunction:: new_group Point-to-point communication ---------------------------- .. autofunction:: send .. autofunction:: recv :func:`~torch.distributed.isend` and :func:`~torch.distributed.irecv` return distributed request objects when used. In general, the type of this object is unspecified as they should never be created manually, but they are guaranteed to support two methods: * ``is_completed()`` - returns True if the operation has finished * ``wait()`` - will block the process until the operation is finished. ``is_completed()`` is guaranteed to return True once it returns. .. autofunction:: isend .. autofunction:: irecv Synchronous and asynchronous collective operations -------------------------------------------------- Every collective operation function supports the following two kinds of operations, depending on the setting of the ``async_op`` flag passed into the collective: **Synchronous operation** - the default mode, when ``async_op`` is set to ``False``. When the function returns, it is guaranteed that the collective operation is performed. In the case of CUDA operations, it is not guaranteed that the CUDA operation is completed, since CUDA operations are asynchronous. For CPU collectives, any further function calls utilizing the output of the collective call will behave as expected. For CUDA collectives, function calls utilizing the output on the same CUDA stream will behave as expected. Users must take care of synchronization under the scenario of running under different streams. For details on CUDA semantics such as stream synchronization, see `CUDA Semantics `__. See the below script to see examples of differences in these semantics for CPU and CUDA operations. **Asynchronous operation** - when ``async_op`` is set to True. The collective operation function returns a distributed request object. In general, you don't need to create it manually and it is guaranteed to support two methods: * ``is_completed()`` - in the case of CPU collectives, returns ``True`` if completed. In the case of CUDA operations, returns ``True`` if the operation has been successfully enqueued onto a CUDA stream and the output can be utilized on the default stream without further synchronization. * ``wait()`` - in the case of CPU collectives, will block the process until the operation is completed. In the case of CUDA collectives, will block until the operation has been successfully enqueued onto a CUDA stream and the output can be utilized on the default stream without further synchronization. * ``get_future()`` - returns ``torch._C.Future`` object. Supported for NCCL, also supported for most operations on GLOO and MPI, except for peer to peer operations. Note: as we continue adopting Futures and merging APIs, ``get_future()`` call might become redundant. **Example** The following code can serve as a reference regarding semantics for CUDA operations when using distributed collectives. It shows the explicit need to synchronize when using collective outputs on different CUDA streams: :: # Code runs on each rank. dist.init_process_group("nccl", rank=rank, world_size=2) output = torch.tensor([rank]).cuda(rank) s = torch.cuda.Stream() handle = dist.all_reduce(output, async_op=True) # Wait ensures the operation is enqueued, but not necessarily complete. handle.wait() # Using result on non-default stream. with torch.cuda.stream(s): s.wait_stream(torch.cuda.default_stream()) output.add_(100) if rank == 0: # if the explicit call to wait_stream was omitted, the output below will be # non-deterministically 1 or 101, depending on whether the allreduce overwrote # the value after the add completed. print(output) Collective functions -------------------- .. autofunction:: broadcast .. autofunction:: broadcast_object_list .. autofunction:: all_reduce .. autofunction:: reduce .. autofunction:: all_gather .. autofunction:: all_gather_object .. autofunction:: gather .. autofunction:: gather_object .. autofunction:: scatter .. autofunction:: scatter_object_list .. autofunction:: reduce_scatter .. autofunction:: all_to_all .. autofunction:: barrier .. autofunction:: monitored_barrier .. autoclass:: ReduceOp .. class:: reduce_op Deprecated enum-like class for reduction operations: ``SUM``, ``PRODUCT``, ``MIN``, and ``MAX``. :class:`~torch.distributed.ReduceOp` is recommended to use instead. Profiling Collective Communication ----------------------------------------- Note that you can use ``torch.profiler`` (recommended, only available after 1.8.1) or ``torch.autograd.profiler`` to profile collective communication and point-to-point communication APIs mentioned here. All out-of-the-box backends (``gloo``, ``nccl``, ``mpi``) are supported and collective communication usage will be rendered as expected in profiling output/traces. Profiling your code is the same as any regular torch operator: :: import torch import torch.distributed as dist with torch.profiler(): tensor = torch.randn(20, 10) dist.all_reduce(tensor) Please refer to the `profiler documentation `__ for a full overview of profiler features. Multi-GPU collective functions ------------------------------ If you have more than one GPU on each node, when using the NCCL and Gloo backend, :func:`~torch.distributed.broadcast_multigpu` :func:`~torch.distributed.all_reduce_multigpu` :func:`~torch.distributed.reduce_multigpu` :func:`~torch.distributed.all_gather_multigpu` and :func:`~torch.distributed.reduce_scatter_multigpu` support distributed collective operations among multiple GPUs within each node. These functions can potentially improve the overall distributed training performance and be easily used by passing a list of tensors. Each Tensor in the passed tensor list needs to be on a separate GPU device of the host where the function is called. Note that the length of the tensor list needs to be identical among all the distributed processes. Also note that currently the multi-GPU collective functions are only supported by the NCCL backend. For example, if the system we use for distributed training has 2 nodes, each of which has 8 GPUs. On each of the 16 GPUs, there is a tensor that we would like to all-reduce. The following code can serve as a reference: Code running on Node 0 :: import torch import torch.distributed as dist dist.init_process_group(backend="nccl", init_method="file:///distributed_test", world_size=2, rank=0) tensor_list = [] for dev_idx in range(torch.cuda.device_count()): tensor_list.append(torch.FloatTensor([1]).cuda(dev_idx)) dist.all_reduce_multigpu(tensor_list) Code running on Node 1 :: import torch import torch.distributed as dist dist.init_process_group(backend="nccl", init_method="file:///distributed_test", world_size=2, rank=1) tensor_list = [] for dev_idx in range(torch.cuda.device_count()): tensor_list.append(torch.FloatTensor([1]).cuda(dev_idx)) dist.all_reduce_multigpu(tensor_list) After the call, all 16 tensors on the two nodes will have the all-reduced value of 16 .. autofunction:: broadcast_multigpu .. autofunction:: all_reduce_multigpu .. autofunction:: reduce_multigpu .. autofunction:: all_gather_multigpu .. autofunction:: reduce_scatter_multigpu .. _distributed-launch: Third-party backends -------------------- Besides the builtin GLOO/MPI/NCCL backends, PyTorch distributed supports third-party backends through a run-time register mechanism. For references on how to develop a third-party backend through C++ Extension, please refer to `Tutorials - Custom C++ and CUDA Extensions `_ and ``test/cpp_extensions/cpp_c10d_extension.cpp``. The capability of third-party backends are decided by their own implementations. The new backend derives from ``c10d::ProcessGroup`` and registers the backend name and the instantiating interface through :func:`torch.distributed.Backend.register_backend` when imported. When manually importing this backend and invoking :func:`torch.distributed.init_process_group` with the corresponding backend name, the ``torch.distributed`` package runs on the new backend. .. warning:: The support of third-party backend is experimental and subject to change. Launch utility -------------- The `torch.distributed` package also provides a launch utility in `torch.distributed.launch`. This helper utility can be used to launch multiple processes per node for distributed training. .. automodule:: torch.distributed.launch Spawn utility ------------- The :ref:`multiprocessing-doc` package also provides a ``spawn`` function in :func:`torch.multiprocessing.spawn`. This helper function can be used to spawn multiple processes. It works by passing in the function that you want to run and spawns N processes to run it. This can be used for multiprocess distributed training as well. For references on how to use it, please refer to `PyTorch example - ImageNet implementation `_ Note that this function requires Python 3.4 or higher. Debugging ``torch.distributed`` applications ------------------------------------------------------ Debugging distributed applications can be challenging due to hard to understand hangs, crashes, or inconsistent behavior across ranks. ``torch.distributed`` provides a suite of tools to help debug training applications in a self-serve fashion: Monitored Barrier ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ As of v1.10, :func:`torch.distributed.monitored_barrier` exists as an alternative to :func:`torch.distributed.barrier` which fails with helpful information about which rank may be faulty when crashing, i.e. not all ranks calling into :func:`torch.distributed.monitored_barrier` within the provided timeout. :func:`torch.distributed.monitored_barrier` implements a host-side barrier using ``send``/``recv`` communication primitives in a process similar to acknowledgements, allowing rank 0 to report which rank(s) failed to acknowledge the barrier in time. As an example, consider the following function where rank 1 fails to call into :func:`torch.distributed.monitored_barrier` (in practice this could be due to an application bug or hang in a previous collective): :: import os from datetime import timedelta import torch import torch.distributed as dist import torch.multiprocessing as mp def worker(rank): dist.init_process_group("nccl", rank=rank, world_size=2) # monitored barrier requires gloo process group to perform host-side sync. group_gloo = dist.new_group(backend="gloo") if rank not in [1]: dist.monitored_barrier(group=group_gloo, timeout=timedelta(seconds=2)) if __name__ == "__main__": os.environ["MASTER_ADDR"] = "localhost" os.environ["MASTER_PORT"] = "29501" mp.spawn(worker, nprocs=2, args=()) The following error message is produced on rank 0, allowing the user to determine which rank(s) may be faulty and investigate further: :: RuntimeError: Rank 1 failed to pass monitoredBarrier in 2000 ms Original exception: [gloo/transport/tcp/pair.cc:598] Connection closed by peer [2401:db00:eef0:1100:3560:0:1c05:25d]:8594 ``TORCH_DISTRIBUTED_DEBUG`` ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Next, the environment variable ``TORCH_DISTRIBUTED_DEBUG`` can be used to trigger additional useful logging and collective synchronization checks to ensure all ranks are synchronized appropriately. ``TORCH_DISTRIBUTED_DEBUG`` can be set to either ``OFF`` (default), ``INFO``, or ``DETAIL`` depending on the debugging level required. Please note that the most verbose option, ``DETAIL`` may impact the application performance and thus should only be used when debugging issues. Setting ``TORCH_DISTRIBUTED_DEBUG=INFO`` will result in additional debug logging when models trained with :func:`torch.nn.parallel.DistributedDataParallel` are initialized, and ``TORCH_DISTRIBUTED_DEBUG=DETAIL`` will additionally log runtime performance statistics a select number of iterations. These runtime statistics include data such as forward time, backward time, gradient communication time, etc. As an example, given the following application: :: import os import torch import torch.distributed as dist import torch.multiprocessing as mp class TwoLinLayerNet(torch.nn.Module): def __init__(self): super().__init__() self.a = torch.nn.Linear(10, 10, bias=False) self.b = torch.nn.Linear(10, 1, bias=False) def forward(self, x): a = self.a(x) b = self.b(x) return (a, b) def worker(rank): dist.init_process_group("nccl", rank=rank, world_size=2) torch.cuda.set_device(rank) print("init model") model = TwoLinLayerNet().cuda() print("init ddp") ddp_model = torch.nn.parallel.DistributedDataParallel(model, device_ids=[rank]) inp = torch.randn(10, 10).cuda() print("train") for _ in range(20): output = ddp_model(inp) loss = output[0] + output[1] loss.sum().backward() if __name__ == "__main__": os.environ["MASTER_ADDR"] = "localhost" os.environ["MASTER_PORT"] = "29501" os.environ[ "TORCH_DISTRIBUTED_DEBUG" ] = "DETAIL" # set to DETAIL for runtime logging. mp.spawn(worker, nprocs=2, args=()) The following logs are rendered at initialization time: :: I0607 16:10:35.739390 515217 logger.cpp:173] [Rank 0]: DDP Initialized with: broadcast_buffers: 1 bucket_cap_bytes: 26214400 find_unused_parameters: 0 gradient_as_bucket_view: 0 is_multi_device_module: 0 iteration: 0 num_parameter_tensors: 2 output_device: 0 rank: 0 total_parameter_size_bytes: 440 world_size: 2 backend_name: nccl bucket_sizes: 440 cuda_visible_devices: N/A device_ids: 0 dtypes: float master_addr: localhost master_port: 29501 module_name: TwoLinLayerNet nccl_async_error_handling: N/A nccl_blocking_wait: N/A nccl_debug: WARN nccl_ib_timeout: N/A nccl_nthreads: N/A nccl_socket_ifname: N/A torch_distributed_debug: INFO The following logs are rendered during runtime (when ``TORCH_DISTRIBUTED_DEBUG=DETAIL`` is set): :: I0607 16:18:58.085681 544067 logger.cpp:344] [Rank 1 / 2] Training TwoLinLayerNet unused_parameter_size=0 Avg forward compute time: 40838608 Avg backward compute time: 5983335 Avg backward comm. time: 4326421 Avg backward comm/comp overlap time: 4207652 I0607 16:18:58.085693 544066 logger.cpp:344] [Rank 0 / 2] Training TwoLinLayerNet unused_parameter_size=0 Avg forward compute time: 42850427 Avg backward compute time: 3885553 Avg backward comm. time: 2357981 Avg backward comm/comp overlap time: 2234674 In addition, ``TORCH_DISTRIBUTED_DEBUG=INFO`` enhances crash logging in :func:`torch.nn.parallel.DistributedDataParallel` due to unused parameters in the model. Currently, ``find_unused_parameters=True`` must be passed into :func:`torch.nn.parallel.DistributedDataParallel` initialization if there are parameters that may be unused in the forward pass, and as of v1.10, all model outputs are required to be used in loss computation as :func:`torch.nn.parallel.DistributedDataParallel` does not support unused parameters in the backwards pass. These constraints are challenging especially for larger models, thus when crashing with an error, :func:`torch.nn.parallel.DistributedDataParallel` will log the fully qualified name of all parameters that went unused. For example, in the above application, if we modify ``loss`` to be instead computed as ``loss = output[1]``, then ``TwoLinLayerNet.a`` does not receive a gradient in the backwards pass, and thus results in ``DDP`` failing. On a crash, the user is passed information about parameters which went unused, which may be challenging to manually find for large models: :: RuntimeError: Expected to have finished reduction in the prior iteration before starting a new one. This error indicates that your module has parameters that were not used in producing loss. You can enable unused parameter detection by passing the keyword argument `find_unused_parameters=True` to `torch.nn.parallel.DistributedDataParallel`, and by making sure all `forward` function outputs participate in calculating loss. If you already have done the above, then the distributed data parallel module wasn't able to locate the output tensors in the return value of your module's `forward` function. Please include the loss function and the structure of the return va lue of `forward` of your module when reporting this issue (e.g. list, dict, iterable). Parameters which did not receive grad for rank 0: a.weight Parameter indices which did not receive grad for rank 0: 0 Setting ``TORCH_DISTRIBUTED_DEBUG=DETAIL`` will trigger additional consistency and synchronization checks on every collective call issued by the user either directly or indirectly (such as DDP ``allreduce``). This is done by creating a wrapper process group that wraps all process groups returned by :func:`torch.distributed.init_process_group` and :func:`torch.distributed.new_group` APIs. As a result, these APIs will return a wrapper process group that can be used exactly like a regular process group, but performs consistency checks before dispatching the collective to an underlying process group. Currently, these checks include a :func:`torch.distributed.monitored_barrier`, which ensures all ranks complete their outstanding collective calls and reports ranks which are stuck. Next, the collective itself is checked for consistency by ensuring all collective functions match and are called with consistent tensor shapes. If this is not the case, a detailed error report is included when the application crashes, rather than a hang or uninformative error message. As an example, consider the following function which has mismatched input shapes into :func:`torch.distributed.all_reduce`: :: import torch import torch.distributed as dist import torch.multiprocessing as mp def worker(rank): dist.init_process_group("nccl", rank=rank, world_size=2) torch.cuda.set_device(rank) tensor = torch.randn(10 if rank == 0 else 20).cuda() dist.all_reduce(tensor) torch.cuda.synchronize(device=rank) if __name__ == "__main__": os.environ["MASTER_ADDR"] = "localhost" os.environ["MASTER_PORT"] = "29501" os.environ["TORCH_DISTRIBUTED_DEBUG"] = "DETAIL" mp.spawn(worker, nprocs=2, args=()) With the ``NCCL`` backend, such an application would likely result in a hang which can be challenging to root-cause in nontrivial scenarios. If the user enables ``TORCH_DISTRIBUTED_DEBUG=DETAIL`` and reruns the application, the following error message reveals the root cause: :: work = default_pg.allreduce([tensor], opts) RuntimeError: Error when verifying shape tensors for collective ALLREDUCE on rank 0. This likely indicates that input shapes into the collective are mismatched across ranks. Got shapes: 10 [ torch.LongTensor{1} ] .. note:: For fine-grained control of the debug level during runtime the functions :func:`torch.distributed.set_debug_level`, :func:`torch.distributed.set_debug_level_from_env`, and :func:`torch.distributed.get_debug_level` can also be used. In addition, `TORCH_DISTRIBUTED_DEBUG=DETAIL` can be used in conjunction with `TORCH_SHOW_CPP_STACKTRACES=1` to log the entire callstack when a collective desynchronization is detected. These collective desynchronization checks will work for all applications that use ``c10d`` collective calls backed by process groups created with the :func:`torch.distributed.init_process_group` and :func:`torch.distributed.new_group` APIs.